Assembly and Function of Spinal Circuits for Motor Control
... differentiation of progenitor cells into five ventral neuron types (V0–V3 interneurons and motor neurons) and six dorsal neuron types (dI1–dI6). Each stage of differentiation is associated with the expression of a specific TF or set of TFs. The progenitor domain can be divided into a dorsal Pax3- an ...
... differentiation of progenitor cells into five ventral neuron types (V0–V3 interneurons and motor neurons) and six dorsal neuron types (dI1–dI6). Each stage of differentiation is associated with the expression of a specific TF or set of TFs. The progenitor domain can be divided into a dorsal Pax3- an ...
increase in osmiophilia of axonal membranes of crayfish as a result
... In control experiments, the animals were prepared in the same manner, in the sense that the sternal artery was dissected, cannulated, and perfused with heparin followed by Van Harreveld saline, and the electrodes were placed in contact with the nerve cord but the stimulator was left off . The fixati ...
... In control experiments, the animals were prepared in the same manner, in the sense that the sternal artery was dissected, cannulated, and perfused with heparin followed by Van Harreveld saline, and the electrodes were placed in contact with the nerve cord but the stimulator was left off . The fixati ...
An EM Study of the Dorsal Nucleus of the Lateral Lemniscus
... Sigma) were injected through an air-pressure system (Picospritzer, General Valve) and a glass micropipette (lo-50 Frn tip diameter). During the postoperative period, subjects were monitored for signs of distress, dehydration, and infection, and none were observed. Two days after injections, the anim ...
... Sigma) were injected through an air-pressure system (Picospritzer, General Valve) and a glass micropipette (lo-50 Frn tip diameter). During the postoperative period, subjects were monitored for signs of distress, dehydration, and infection, and none were observed. Two days after injections, the anim ...
PDF
... initiate the asymmetric expression of the TGFb ligand Nodal to coordinate visceral and brain asymmetry (Bisgrove et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2000; McGrath and Brueckner, 2003). In C. elegans AWC asymmetry, calcium also plays a role (Fig. 2). Prior to their interaction, the two AWC olfactory neurons ...
... initiate the asymmetric expression of the TGFb ligand Nodal to coordinate visceral and brain asymmetry (Bisgrove et al., 2003; Liang et al., 2000; McGrath and Brueckner, 2003). In C. elegans AWC asymmetry, calcium also plays a role (Fig. 2). Prior to their interaction, the two AWC olfactory neurons ...
Prevalent Presence of Periodic Actin-spectrin-based
... neuronal subtypes exhibited a periodic distribution of βII spectrin in their axons, with a spacing of ~190 nm. Autocorrelation analyses showed that the degree of periodicity (i.e. autocorrelation amplitude) was similar among most of these excitatory and inhibitory neurons (Fig. 2J, K). Two exception ...
... neuronal subtypes exhibited a periodic distribution of βII spectrin in their axons, with a spacing of ~190 nm. Autocorrelation analyses showed that the degree of periodicity (i.e. autocorrelation amplitude) was similar among most of these excitatory and inhibitory neurons (Fig. 2J, K). Two exception ...
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
... secretions, urinary bladder emptying, sweating, body temperature, and many other activities • Some of the above functions are controlled almost entirely and some only partially by the autonomic nervous system. ...
... secretions, urinary bladder emptying, sweating, body temperature, and many other activities • Some of the above functions are controlled almost entirely and some only partially by the autonomic nervous system. ...
Macrophages Promote Axon Regeneration with Concurrent Neurotoxicity
... Figure 3. Zymosan-activated macrophages modify the surrounding microenvironment creating passages for axon growth. A, B, A three-dimensional (3D) schematic showing the formation of a graded column of activated microglia and macrophages emanating from a zymosan injection site (A, B, D, green). Phagoc ...
... Figure 3. Zymosan-activated macrophages modify the surrounding microenvironment creating passages for axon growth. A, B, A three-dimensional (3D) schematic showing the formation of a graded column of activated microglia and macrophages emanating from a zymosan injection site (A, B, D, green). Phagoc ...
The neuroepithelial basement membrane serves as a boundary and
... Background: The facial branchiomotor neurons of cranial nerve VII undergo a stereotyped tangential migration in the zebrafish hindbrain that provides an ideal system for examining the complex interactions between neurons and their environment that result in directed migration. Several studies have s ...
... Background: The facial branchiomotor neurons of cranial nerve VII undergo a stereotyped tangential migration in the zebrafish hindbrain that provides an ideal system for examining the complex interactions between neurons and their environment that result in directed migration. Several studies have s ...
spinal cord
... • Anterior horns contain some interneurons as well as the cell bodies of motor neurons. – These cell bodies project their axons via the ventral roots of the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles. – The amount of ventral gray matter at a given level of the spinal cord is proportional to the amount of s ...
... • Anterior horns contain some interneurons as well as the cell bodies of motor neurons. – These cell bodies project their axons via the ventral roots of the spinal cord to the skeletal muscles. – The amount of ventral gray matter at a given level of the spinal cord is proportional to the amount of s ...
Emerging roles of Axin in cerebral cortical development
... Subsequently, β-catenin accumulates and translocates into the nucleus, where it forms a complex with TCF/Lef transcription factors and turns on Wnt-responsive gene transcription (Furuhashi et al., 2001). It should be noted that most of these findings are from studies using different types of culture ...
... Subsequently, β-catenin accumulates and translocates into the nucleus, where it forms a complex with TCF/Lef transcription factors and turns on Wnt-responsive gene transcription (Furuhashi et al., 2001). It should be noted that most of these findings are from studies using different types of culture ...
Central Nervous System - Spinal Cord, Spinal
... Spinal Cord - Functions Spinal cord has the following functions: 1. Receive and send impulses: receives impulses from receptors and sends impulses to the effectors. 2. Communication with the brain: has bundles/cables of nerve fibers (tracts) that take sensory impulses up to the brain or motor impul ...
... Spinal Cord - Functions Spinal cord has the following functions: 1. Receive and send impulses: receives impulses from receptors and sends impulses to the effectors. 2. Communication with the brain: has bundles/cables of nerve fibers (tracts) that take sensory impulses up to the brain or motor impul ...
extracellular and intracellular signaling for neuronal polarity
... also regulate neuronal polarization. In the developing retina, retinal ganglion cells are generated directly from neuroepithelial cells. Shortly after cell division, the retinal ganglion cells reextend a basal process toward the basal surface, where laminin is expressed. Once the basal process conta ...
... also regulate neuronal polarization. In the developing retina, retinal ganglion cells are generated directly from neuroepithelial cells. Shortly after cell division, the retinal ganglion cells reextend a basal process toward the basal surface, where laminin is expressed. Once the basal process conta ...
Axonal Localization of Integrins in the CNS Is Neuronal Type and
... heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that bind extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules to induce cell proliferation, survival, and promote outgrowth (Hynes, 2002). These proteins are an integral part of CNS development, but many become downregulated in neurons upon CNS maturation (Hammarberg et al., 20 ...
... heterodimeric transmembrane proteins that bind extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules to induce cell proliferation, survival, and promote outgrowth (Hynes, 2002). These proteins are an integral part of CNS development, but many become downregulated in neurons upon CNS maturation (Hammarberg et al., 20 ...
Netrin
Netrins are a class of proteins involved in axon guidance. They are named after the Sanskrit word ""netr"", which means ""one who guides."" Netrins are genetically conserved across nematode worms, fruit flies, frogs, mice, and humans. Structurally, netrin resembles the extracellular matrix protein laminin.Netrins are chemotropic; a growing axon will either move towards or away from a higher concentration of netrin. Though the detailed mechanism of axon guidance is not fully understood, it is known that netrin attraction is mediated through UNC-40/DCC cell surface receptors and repulsion is mediated through UNC-5 receptors. Netrins also act as growth factors, encouraging cell growth activities in target cells. Mice deficient in netrin fail to form the hippocampal comissure or the corpus callosum.A proposed model for netrin activity in the spinal column of developing human embryos is that netrins are released by the floor plate and then are picked up by receptor proteins embedded in the growth cones of axons belonging to neurons in the developing spinal column. The bodies of these neurons remain stationary while the axons follow a path defined by netrins, eventually connecting to neurons inside the embryonic brain by developing synapses. Research supports that new axons tend to follow previously traced pathways, rather than being guided by netrins or related chemotropic factors.