Pathfinding by cranial nerve VII (facial) motorneurons
... HH stage 13 (Fig. 3A). Most of these neurons have cell bodies located laterally and axons projecting ventrally (Fig. 3B), and are probably reticular neurons. Upon reaching the midline, their axons turn to extend caudally upon floorplate cells. It is clear at higher magnification that while some of t ...
... HH stage 13 (Fig. 3A). Most of these neurons have cell bodies located laterally and axons projecting ventrally (Fig. 3B), and are probably reticular neurons. Upon reaching the midline, their axons turn to extend caudally upon floorplate cells. It is clear at higher magnification that while some of t ...
Roles for miRNAs in Timing Developmental Progression Within
... timing developmental events is further complicated by the necessity for compartment (axon/dendrite) and subcompartment (i.e., apical/basal dendrites)– specific programs. How these events are executed in precise order in a given cell, and how they coordinate the development of surrounding tissue, is ...
... timing developmental events is further complicated by the necessity for compartment (axon/dendrite) and subcompartment (i.e., apical/basal dendrites)– specific programs. How these events are executed in precise order in a given cell, and how they coordinate the development of surrounding tissue, is ...
in cellular neuroscience
... complexity of the nervous elements and through their specialization into electrically excitable neurons connected through defined synaptic contacts and electrically non-excitable neuroglia forming networks through intercellular gap junctions. The intercellular chemical neurotransmission is, however, ...
... complexity of the nervous elements and through their specialization into electrically excitable neurons connected through defined synaptic contacts and electrically non-excitable neuroglia forming networks through intercellular gap junctions. The intercellular chemical neurotransmission is, however, ...
Meninges,Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the spinal cord
... Most decussate (cross over) Most exhibit somatotopy Pathways are paired symmetrically ...
... Most decussate (cross over) Most exhibit somatotopy Pathways are paired symmetrically ...
R eelin is expressed in the accessory olfactory system, but is not a
... migration and organization of the cerebral cortex. However, recent data indicates that Reelin may act as a guidance cue in other parts of the central nervous system. Del Rio et al. [6] suggest that Reelin is essential for the formation of layer-specific hippocampal connections. Reelin acts as a guid ...
... migration and organization of the cerebral cortex. However, recent data indicates that Reelin may act as a guidance cue in other parts of the central nervous system. Del Rio et al. [6] suggest that Reelin is essential for the formation of layer-specific hippocampal connections. Reelin acts as a guid ...
In transverse section, the spinal cord features: -
... until the cord terminates in a terminal filament of glia. (The term "conus medullaris" refers to the cone-shaped cord region between the lumbosacral enlargement and the glial filament.) Since spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal at nominally corresponding intervertebral foramina, spinal roots must ...
... until the cord terminates in a terminal filament of glia. (The term "conus medullaris" refers to the cone-shaped cord region between the lumbosacral enlargement and the glial filament.) Since spinal nerves exit the vertebral canal at nominally corresponding intervertebral foramina, spinal roots must ...
Thalamocortical projection from the ventral posteromedial nucleus
... were also present. They entered SI distant from target sites, extended toward the brain surface, then sharply turned toward the plexus in layers IV and VI, and converged in the plexus (indicated by arrowheads in Fig. 1B). The axons had few branches and did not project to the supragranular layers. In ...
... were also present. They entered SI distant from target sites, extended toward the brain surface, then sharply turned toward the plexus in layers IV and VI, and converged in the plexus (indicated by arrowheads in Fig. 1B). The axons had few branches and did not project to the supragranular layers. In ...
Embryonic development of the Drosophila brain: formation of
... in the embryonic brain of Drosophila. We first use histology, immunocytochemistry and enhancer detection in combination with light microscopy, laser confocal microscopy and electron microscopy to determine how the commissural and descending pathways are established. We find that commissural intercon ...
... in the embryonic brain of Drosophila. We first use histology, immunocytochemistry and enhancer detection in combination with light microscopy, laser confocal microscopy and electron microscopy to determine how the commissural and descending pathways are established. We find that commissural intercon ...
Do Sensory Neurons Secrete an Anti-Inhibitory
... laminin:aggrecan, i.e. a laminin background with CSPG/laminin stripes; 2-3 per dish. Tissue culture: Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were dissected from White Leghorn embryonic chicken (E8-12 days) according to AAALAC regulations, adhering to an approved protocol. DRG were cleaned of surrounding connectiv ...
... laminin:aggrecan, i.e. a laminin background with CSPG/laminin stripes; 2-3 per dish. Tissue culture: Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were dissected from White Leghorn embryonic chicken (E8-12 days) according to AAALAC regulations, adhering to an approved protocol. DRG were cleaned of surrounding connectiv ...
Reelin and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 in the embryonic and mature
... MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK In the mature cerebral cortex of higher vertebrates, neurons are arranged in layers, each layer containing neurons of the same functional class. The cortical layering pattern is laid down during developme ...
... MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London W12 0NN, UK In the mature cerebral cortex of higher vertebrates, neurons are arranged in layers, each layer containing neurons of the same functional class. The cortical layering pattern is laid down during developme ...
A hitchhiker`s guide to the nervous system: the - IGMM
... Axonal retrograde transport also allows peripheral signals to be translated into nuclear responses. For example, receptors that are activated by target‑derived neurotrophins during development create ‘signalling endosomes’, which contain neurotrophin receptor complexes as well as downstream‑activate ...
... Axonal retrograde transport also allows peripheral signals to be translated into nuclear responses. For example, receptors that are activated by target‑derived neurotrophins during development create ‘signalling endosomes’, which contain neurotrophin receptor complexes as well as downstream‑activate ...
Neuronal cytoskeleton in synaptic plasticity and regeneration
... knockdown in dendritic spines (Jaworski et al. 2009). However, the molecular mechanism linking dynamic microtubules to F-actin stability remains unknown. Microtubules and actin do not bind directly to each other, rather they interact through proteins that mediate interactions between the cytoskeleta ...
... knockdown in dendritic spines (Jaworski et al. 2009). However, the molecular mechanism linking dynamic microtubules to F-actin stability remains unknown. Microtubules and actin do not bind directly to each other, rather they interact through proteins that mediate interactions between the cytoskeleta ...
Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity Signaling Controls the Anterior–Posterior
... axis. Despite their important physiological functions and implication in disease, the molecular mechanisms that dictate the formation of these projections along the anterior–posterior axis remain unknown. Here we reveal a novel requirement for Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling in the anterior–poste ...
... axis. Despite their important physiological functions and implication in disease, the molecular mechanisms that dictate the formation of these projections along the anterior–posterior axis remain unknown. Here we reveal a novel requirement for Wnt/planar cell polarity signaling in the anterior–poste ...
HB-GAM (pleiotrophin) reverses inhibition of neural
... that might modulate functions of the CNS matrix in the juvenile brain which displays high plasticity in comparison to the adult brain. HB-GAM/pleiotrophin was initially isolated as a heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factor for central neurons8,9. Its expression peaks during the first 3–4 ...
... that might modulate functions of the CNS matrix in the juvenile brain which displays high plasticity in comparison to the adult brain. HB-GAM/pleiotrophin was initially isolated as a heparin-binding neurite outgrowth-promoting factor for central neurons8,9. Its expression peaks during the first 3–4 ...
The Subconscious Motor Tracts
... Originate from the cerebral cortex and brain stem Concerned with: Control of movements Muscle tone Spinal reflexes and equilibrium Modulation of sensory transmission to higher centers The motor pathways are divided into two groups Direct pathways (voluntary motion pathways) The pyramidal ...
... Originate from the cerebral cortex and brain stem Concerned with: Control of movements Muscle tone Spinal reflexes and equilibrium Modulation of sensory transmission to higher centers The motor pathways are divided into two groups Direct pathways (voluntary motion pathways) The pyramidal ...
Chapter 14-Nervous Tissue
... Contains receptors Transmits information from receptors to the CNS ...
... Contains receptors Transmits information from receptors to the CNS ...
Netrin
Netrins are a class of proteins involved in axon guidance. They are named after the Sanskrit word ""netr"", which means ""one who guides."" Netrins are genetically conserved across nematode worms, fruit flies, frogs, mice, and humans. Structurally, netrin resembles the extracellular matrix protein laminin.Netrins are chemotropic; a growing axon will either move towards or away from a higher concentration of netrin. Though the detailed mechanism of axon guidance is not fully understood, it is known that netrin attraction is mediated through UNC-40/DCC cell surface receptors and repulsion is mediated through UNC-5 receptors. Netrins also act as growth factors, encouraging cell growth activities in target cells. Mice deficient in netrin fail to form the hippocampal comissure or the corpus callosum.A proposed model for netrin activity in the spinal column of developing human embryos is that netrins are released by the floor plate and then are picked up by receptor proteins embedded in the growth cones of axons belonging to neurons in the developing spinal column. The bodies of these neurons remain stationary while the axons follow a path defined by netrins, eventually connecting to neurons inside the embryonic brain by developing synapses. Research supports that new axons tend to follow previously traced pathways, rather than being guided by netrins or related chemotropic factors.