Glial cell biology in Drosophila and vertebrates
... will be exciting, and represents a major challenge for the future. Glial migration and nerve assembly Most glia are not born where they will eventually reside in the nervous system; instead, they migrate significant distances from where they are born to highly-specific target sites. In some cases, g ...
... will be exciting, and represents a major challenge for the future. Glial migration and nerve assembly Most glia are not born where they will eventually reside in the nervous system; instead, they migrate significant distances from where they are born to highly-specific target sites. In some cases, g ...
Neuronal polarity: establishing and maintaining the axon initial
... as it travels along the axon. This boosted electric signal in the axon is called an action potential. Many voltagegated sodium channels at the AIS are required for this action potential, these channels open in response to a change in membrane potential. When the PSP is high enough, because of a sign ...
... as it travels along the axon. This boosted electric signal in the axon is called an action potential. Many voltagegated sodium channels at the AIS are required for this action potential, these channels open in response to a change in membrane potential. When the PSP is high enough, because of a sign ...
Blood-Spinal Cord Barrier Alterations in Subacute and Chronic
... Cerebrovascular ischemic injuries occur in a timedependent manner and are categorized as acute (minutes to hours), subacute (hours to days), or chronic (days to months). Numerous studies have identified blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption after focal cerebral ischemia (4–8). Increased BBB permeabil ...
... Cerebrovascular ischemic injuries occur in a timedependent manner and are categorized as acute (minutes to hours), subacute (hours to days), or chronic (days to months). Numerous studies have identified blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption after focal cerebral ischemia (4–8). Increased BBB permeabil ...
PDF
... hindbrain, the facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) undergo a chain-like tangential migration from their birthplace in rhombomere (r) 4 to their final destination in r6/r7. Here, we report that ablation of either the cell body or the trailing axon of the leading FBMN, or ‘pioneer’ neuron, blocks the ...
... hindbrain, the facial branchiomotor neurons (FBMNs) undergo a chain-like tangential migration from their birthplace in rhombomere (r) 4 to their final destination in r6/r7. Here, we report that ablation of either the cell body or the trailing axon of the leading FBMN, or ‘pioneer’ neuron, blocks the ...
Author`s personal copy - Vanderbilt University
... we know now occurs later in animal models of progression, and focus more on the axonal projection, which is affected quite early. 1.2. Glaucoma and the central nervous system Neuroscience-based approaches to understanding pathogenesis in glaucoma have surged, not only from the standpoint of preservi ...
... we know now occurs later in animal models of progression, and focus more on the axonal projection, which is affected quite early. 1.2. Glaucoma and the central nervous system Neuroscience-based approaches to understanding pathogenesis in glaucoma have surged, not only from the standpoint of preservi ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... SNS operates under our conscious control, as exemplified by voluntary activities such as getting out of a chair, picking up a ball, walking outside, and throwing the ball for the dog to chase. (We have already seen that some SNS activities, such as swinging the arms while walking, occur at the subco ...
... SNS operates under our conscious control, as exemplified by voluntary activities such as getting out of a chair, picking up a ball, walking outside, and throwing the ball for the dog to chase. (We have already seen that some SNS activities, such as swinging the arms while walking, occur at the subco ...
Essential Roles for GSK-3s and GSK-3
... 2003). Perhaps surprisingly, dramatic defects in morphogenesis of nervous system or other organs have not been reported. The lack of effect of eliminating GSK-3b on morphological development has suggested ‘‘compensation’’ via the closely related GSK-3a isoform. However, there is as yet no proof that ...
... 2003). Perhaps surprisingly, dramatic defects in morphogenesis of nervous system or other organs have not been reported. The lack of effect of eliminating GSK-3b on morphological development has suggested ‘‘compensation’’ via the closely related GSK-3a isoform. However, there is as yet no proof that ...
Highwire Regulates Guidance of Sister Axons in the
... During development, MB neurons, called Kenyon cells, undergo an ordered differentiation process into three types of neurons: ␣/ neurons, ␣⬘/⬘ neurons, and ␥ neurons (Lee et al., 1999). The cell bodies of these MB neurons are located in the posterior of the brain and project their axons to the ante ...
... During development, MB neurons, called Kenyon cells, undergo an ordered differentiation process into three types of neurons: ␣/ neurons, ␣⬘/⬘ neurons, and ␥ neurons (Lee et al., 1999). The cell bodies of these MB neurons are located in the posterior of the brain and project their axons to the ante ...
Topographic Organization of Sensory Projection to the Olfactory Bulb
... olfactory epithelium (Figure 1). Each olfactory neuron projects a single unbranched axon. As the collection of axons emerge from ihe olfactory mucosa, they fasciculate to form the olfactory nerve. The axons of the olfactory neurons synapse with dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells in the olfacto ...
... olfactory epithelium (Figure 1). Each olfactory neuron projects a single unbranched axon. As the collection of axons emerge from ihe olfactory mucosa, they fasciculate to form the olfactory nerve. The axons of the olfactory neurons synapse with dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells in the olfacto ...
Axon Physiology - Physiological Reviews
... and contact several hundreds of target neurons locally or distally. But, the function of the axon is not purely limited to the conduction of the action potential from the site of initiation near the cell body to the terminal. Recent experimental findings shed new light on the functional and computat ...
... and contact several hundreds of target neurons locally or distally. But, the function of the axon is not purely limited to the conduction of the action potential from the site of initiation near the cell body to the terminal. Recent experimental findings shed new light on the functional and computat ...
Clonal analysis of the mushroom bodies
... subesophageal ganglion. (B) Close-up view of the right MB in A. Five axonal lobes are grouped into three sets, based on a previous proposal (Crittenden et al., 1998). The γ lobe is outlined in red, the α′ and β′ lobes are outlined in green, and the α and β lobes are outlined in blue. (C) Schematic d ...
... subesophageal ganglion. (B) Close-up view of the right MB in A. Five axonal lobes are grouped into three sets, based on a previous proposal (Crittenden et al., 1998). The γ lobe is outlined in red, the α′ and β′ lobes are outlined in green, and the α and β lobes are outlined in blue. (C) Schematic d ...
Neuropathological Characteristics of Brachial Plexus Avulsion Injury
... including both the C5 and C6 roots, and, less frequently, the C7 root (8). This type of lesion represents both a CNS and PNS injury because spinal motor neurons undergo degeneration due to deafferentation while peripheral axons rapidly degenerate once they are disconnected from the cell body (9). Th ...
... including both the C5 and C6 roots, and, less frequently, the C7 root (8). This type of lesion represents both a CNS and PNS injury because spinal motor neurons undergo degeneration due to deafferentation while peripheral axons rapidly degenerate once they are disconnected from the cell body (9). Th ...
Higginbotham H, Eom TY, Mariani LE, Bachleda A, Hirt J, Gukassyan V, Cusack CL, Lai C, Caspary T, Anton ES. Developmental Cell. 2012, Nov 13 23(5):925-38. Arl13b in primary cilia regulates the migration and placement of interneurons in the developing cerebral cortex.
... (A and B) GFP-labeled coronal hemisections show interneuron migration defects in Arl13bLox/Lox;Dlx5/6-CIE mutants, with clusters of cells stuck at the pallialsubpallial boundary (5B, arrow). (C and D) Loss of characteristic interneuronal migratory streams in Arl13bLox/Lox;Dlx5/6-CIE cortex. Arrowhea ...
... (A and B) GFP-labeled coronal hemisections show interneuron migration defects in Arl13bLox/Lox;Dlx5/6-CIE mutants, with clusters of cells stuck at the pallialsubpallial boundary (5B, arrow). (C and D) Loss of characteristic interneuronal migratory streams in Arl13bLox/Lox;Dlx5/6-CIE cortex. Arrowhea ...
Xenopus laevis Retinal Ganglion Cell Dendritic Arbors Develop
... activity have examined RGC axon development at the target, neuronal activity is also important in the development of dendritic arbors within the retina. In one study, TTX was used to block action potentials in the eyes of kittens (Wong et al., 1991). RGCs in eyes deprived of neuronal activity showed ...
... activity have examined RGC axon development at the target, neuronal activity is also important in the development of dendritic arbors within the retina. In one study, TTX was used to block action potentials in the eyes of kittens (Wong et al., 1991). RGCs in eyes deprived of neuronal activity showed ...
Netrin
Netrins are a class of proteins involved in axon guidance. They are named after the Sanskrit word ""netr"", which means ""one who guides."" Netrins are genetically conserved across nematode worms, fruit flies, frogs, mice, and humans. Structurally, netrin resembles the extracellular matrix protein laminin.Netrins are chemotropic; a growing axon will either move towards or away from a higher concentration of netrin. Though the detailed mechanism of axon guidance is not fully understood, it is known that netrin attraction is mediated through UNC-40/DCC cell surface receptors and repulsion is mediated through UNC-5 receptors. Netrins also act as growth factors, encouraging cell growth activities in target cells. Mice deficient in netrin fail to form the hippocampal comissure or the corpus callosum.A proposed model for netrin activity in the spinal column of developing human embryos is that netrins are released by the floor plate and then are picked up by receptor proteins embedded in the growth cones of axons belonging to neurons in the developing spinal column. The bodies of these neurons remain stationary while the axons follow a path defined by netrins, eventually connecting to neurons inside the embryonic brain by developing synapses. Research supports that new axons tend to follow previously traced pathways, rather than being guided by netrins or related chemotropic factors.