Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Reelin Signaling in the Adult
... subset of GABAergic interneurons, we found that their expression was generally juxtaposed, with Dab1 being primarily expressed by principle neurons and a more widespread population of Reelin-negative GABAergic interneurons. While eKO mice exhibited normal forebrain lamination, dendritic architecture ...
... subset of GABAergic interneurons, we found that their expression was generally juxtaposed, with Dab1 being primarily expressed by principle neurons and a more widespread population of Reelin-negative GABAergic interneurons. While eKO mice exhibited normal forebrain lamination, dendritic architecture ...
A tale of two stories: astrocyte regulation of
... astrocytes – the main type of glial cells in the hippocampus and the cortex [16-18] – together with the discovery of two-way astrocyte-neuron communication [19, 20], suggest an active role of these cells in modulation of synaptic transmission and information processing in the brain ...
... astrocytes – the main type of glial cells in the hippocampus and the cortex [16-18] – together with the discovery of two-way astrocyte-neuron communication [19, 20], suggest an active role of these cells in modulation of synaptic transmission and information processing in the brain ...
The dynamic cytoskeleton: backbone of dendritic spine plasticity
... was whether microtubules polymerized into spines from the dendrite shaft or were locally nucleated within the spine and then polymerized into the dendritic shaft, as suggested by others [50]. To address this issue by direct observation within living neurons, another group used time-lapse total inter ...
... was whether microtubules polymerized into spines from the dendrite shaft or were locally nucleated within the spine and then polymerized into the dendritic shaft, as suggested by others [50]. To address this issue by direct observation within living neurons, another group used time-lapse total inter ...
Rapid Translocation of Zn 2+ from Nerve Terminals
... and Christopher J. Frederickson. Rapid translocation of Zn2⫹ from presynaptic terminals into postsynaptic hippocampal neurons after physiological stimulation. J Neurophysiol 86: 2597–2604, 2001. Zn2⫹ is found in glutamatergic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian forebrain and has diverse extrace ...
... and Christopher J. Frederickson. Rapid translocation of Zn2⫹ from presynaptic terminals into postsynaptic hippocampal neurons after physiological stimulation. J Neurophysiol 86: 2597–2604, 2001. Zn2⫹ is found in glutamatergic nerve terminals throughout the mammalian forebrain and has diverse extrace ...
Document
... EvBrain is a form of evolutionary software that can evolve "brainlike" neural networks, such as the network immediately behind the retina. Since November 2008, IBM received a $4.9 million grant from the Pentagon for research into creating intelligent computers. The Blue Brain project is being conduc ...
... EvBrain is a form of evolutionary software that can evolve "brainlike" neural networks, such as the network immediately behind the retina. Since November 2008, IBM received a $4.9 million grant from the Pentagon for research into creating intelligent computers. The Blue Brain project is being conduc ...
Calcium homeostasis in aging neurons
... receptors do not mediate rapid synaptic transmission, their contribution being primarily to the slow component of excitatory postsynaptic currents. At the resting plasma membrane potential they are powerfully inhibited by Mg2+ , whose block is reversed by plasma membrane depolarization (Nowak et al. ...
... receptors do not mediate rapid synaptic transmission, their contribution being primarily to the slow component of excitatory postsynaptic currents. At the resting plasma membrane potential they are powerfully inhibited by Mg2+ , whose block is reversed by plasma membrane depolarization (Nowak et al. ...
The Classical Complement Cascade Mediates
... the developing brain, we performed double immunostaining with antibodies to C1q and synaptic markers. Using confocal microscopy, we observed many C1q-positive puncta that colocalized with the postsynaptic protein PSD95 in the developing dLGN (Figure 3A). In order to better visualize C1q’s synaptic l ...
... the developing brain, we performed double immunostaining with antibodies to C1q and synaptic markers. Using confocal microscopy, we observed many C1q-positive puncta that colocalized with the postsynaptic protein PSD95 in the developing dLGN (Figure 3A). In order to better visualize C1q’s synaptic l ...
The Time Course and Amplitude of EPSPs Evoked at Synapses
... depolarization. Single-fiber EPSPs can also be analyzed for quanta1 fluctuations, thereby separating presynaptic effects from postsynaptic changes during alterations in synaptic strength. These types of analyses have been pursued at the monosynaptic connection formed between a single group Ia axon a ...
... depolarization. Single-fiber EPSPs can also be analyzed for quanta1 fluctuations, thereby separating presynaptic effects from postsynaptic changes during alterations in synaptic strength. These types of analyses have been pursued at the monosynaptic connection formed between a single group Ia axon a ...
Changes of Synaptic Density in the Primary Visual Cortex of the
... could be observed, even after staining with either toluidine blue or uranyl acetate and lead citrate, suggesting that the difference in the thickness of sections has no effect on the degree of tissue shrinkage. The only significant and measurable shrinkage was observed in most of the specimens durin ...
... could be observed, even after staining with either toluidine blue or uranyl acetate and lead citrate, suggesting that the difference in the thickness of sections has no effect on the degree of tissue shrinkage. The only significant and measurable shrinkage was observed in most of the specimens durin ...
Synaptic Distinction of Laminar-specific Prefrontal-temporal Pathways in Primates
... (500 3 650 lm), because the density of labeling in the superficial layers was higher than the middle layers, as reported in a previous study (Barbas et al., 2005). From each piece of tissue, six adjacent ultrathin sections were obtained at intervals of 1 lm throughout the thickness of the section (50 ...
... (500 3 650 lm), because the density of labeling in the superficial layers was higher than the middle layers, as reported in a previous study (Barbas et al., 2005). From each piece of tissue, six adjacent ultrathin sections were obtained at intervals of 1 lm throughout the thickness of the section (50 ...
view - E-LIB Bremen - Universität Bremen
... can be modelled with high precision by using compact mathematical models with only few parameters. There are competitions held where the goal is to predict the electrical behavior of neuron, and these models reach a very high accuracy in the prediction of neuronal spike times [3]. With modern superc ...
... can be modelled with high precision by using compact mathematical models with only few parameters. There are competitions held where the goal is to predict the electrical behavior of neuron, and these models reach a very high accuracy in the prediction of neuronal spike times [3]. With modern superc ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for synaptic
... (medium) including CLA-‐1c and d; CLA-‐1S (short) including CLA-‐1e and f (fig. 1H). Each isoform can be ...
... (medium) including CLA-‐1c and d; CLA-‐1S (short) including CLA-‐1e and f (fig. 1H). Each isoform can be ...
Clarinet (CLA-‐1), a novel active zone protein required for
... (medium) including CLA-‐1c and d; CLA-‐1S (short) including CLA-‐1e and f (fig. 1H). Each isoform can be ...
... (medium) including CLA-‐1c and d; CLA-‐1S (short) including CLA-‐1e and f (fig. 1H). Each isoform can be ...
Inhibitory Plasticity Balances Excitation and Inhibition in Sensory
... and inhibitory membrane currents (black and white symbols, respectively) as recorded from pyramidal cells in the primary auditory cortex of adult rat (7) (A) 30 min and (B) 180 min after a stimulus protocol shifted the preferred frequency of the excitatory membrane currents from 16 to 4 kHz. Similar ...
... and inhibitory membrane currents (black and white symbols, respectively) as recorded from pyramidal cells in the primary auditory cortex of adult rat (7) (A) 30 min and (B) 180 min after a stimulus protocol shifted the preferred frequency of the excitatory membrane currents from 16 to 4 kHz. Similar ...
Nap, a Novel Member of the Pentraxin Family, Promotes Neurite
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
... The mature CNS exhibits the capacity to alter cellular interactions as a function of the activity of specific neuronal circuits. This capacity is believed to underlie learning and memory as well as aspects of postnatal development of the brain (Shatz, 1990). Cellular mechanisms underlying activity-d ...
Pyramidal neurons: dendritic structure and synaptic integration
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
... neurons, their functional significance is not clearly understood. They might increase the dendritic surface area in order to optimize the packing of a large number of synapses onto a given length of dendrite186–188. Alternatively, they might serve as biochemical compartments that restrict the diffus ...
Relative Contributions of Specific Activity Histories and
... Although these conclusions were derived mainly from studies in reduced systems (cell and organotypic cultures), they are not limited to these settings [4,8,14,15]. Thus, for example, it has recently been shown that synapse size fluctuations in the cerebral cortex of adult mice are at least as large ...
... Although these conclusions were derived mainly from studies in reduced systems (cell and organotypic cultures), they are not limited to these settings [4,8,14,15]. Thus, for example, it has recently been shown that synapse size fluctuations in the cerebral cortex of adult mice are at least as large ...
Structural Correlates of Efficient GABAergic Transmission in the
... performed on ultrathin sections, cut from the unstained material. 3D reconstruction and measurements. 3D reconstructions of the bouton membranes, the synapses, puncta adherentia (PA), and the glial sheaths covering the terminals, and in four cases also the mitochondria and the pool of the vesicles, ...
... performed on ultrathin sections, cut from the unstained material. 3D reconstruction and measurements. 3D reconstructions of the bouton membranes, the synapses, puncta adherentia (PA), and the glial sheaths covering the terminals, and in four cases also the mitochondria and the pool of the vesicles, ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... that the nucleus generates one output spike for every incoming spike, thereby working as a sign-inverting relay. In terms of information processing this corresponds to a multiplication with -1, one of the easiest manipulations possible. How would more complex transformations look like? A cell with o ...
... that the nucleus generates one output spike for every incoming spike, thereby working as a sign-inverting relay. In terms of information processing this corresponds to a multiplication with -1, one of the easiest manipulations possible. How would more complex transformations look like? A cell with o ...
Intrinsic and synaptic plasticity in the vestibular system
... cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex. LTD at the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse (circled in red) could underlie early stages of vestibular learning. Additional sites of synaptic plasticity that probably play a role in consolidation and long-term storage of vestibular memo ...
... cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex. LTD at the parallel fiber to Purkinje cell synapse (circled in red) could underlie early stages of vestibular learning. Additional sites of synaptic plasticity that probably play a role in consolidation and long-term storage of vestibular memo ...
PRESYNAPTIC IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS AND CONTROL OF
... does not depend on depolarization, as this effect was accompanied by membrane hyperpolarization12, and therefore could not be due to Na+ channel inactivation. Although these early examples of modulation of transmitter release were shown to depend on the presynaptic action of an ionotropic receptor, ...
... does not depend on depolarization, as this effect was accompanied by membrane hyperpolarization12, and therefore could not be due to Na+ channel inactivation. Although these early examples of modulation of transmitter release were shown to depend on the presynaptic action of an ionotropic receptor, ...
neural_networks
... The major "workhorse" neurotransmitters of the brain are glutamic acid (=glutamate) and GABA. Neurotransmitters can be broadly classified into small-molecule transmitters and neuroactive peptides. Around 10 small-molecule neurotransmitters are known: acetylcholine, 5 amines, and 3 or 4 amino acids ( ...
... The major "workhorse" neurotransmitters of the brain are glutamic acid (=glutamate) and GABA. Neurotransmitters can be broadly classified into small-molecule transmitters and neuroactive peptides. Around 10 small-molecule neurotransmitters are known: acetylcholine, 5 amines, and 3 or 4 amino acids ( ...
Regulation of synaptic functions in central nervous system by
... anorexigenic LepRb/POMC neurons, POMC expression and α-MSH secretion, and, to suppress the firing of orexigenic LepRb/NPY-expressing neurons, secretion of NPY and AgRP (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesol ...
... anorexigenic LepRb/POMC neurons, POMC expression and α-MSH secretion, and, to suppress the firing of orexigenic LepRb/NPY-expressing neurons, secretion of NPY and AgRP (Figure 1B) [21,37,38]. The response to leptin in ARC neurons mainly contributes to satiety. Leptin can also directly regulate mesol ...
Contacts among non-sister dendritic branches at
... targeting (Zhu and Luo, 2004) to their appropriate area and ensures appropriate synaptic contacts. But how are decisions to stabilize dendro-denritic contacts made? One ...
... targeting (Zhu and Luo, 2004) to their appropriate area and ensures appropriate synaptic contacts. But how are decisions to stabilize dendro-denritic contacts made? One ...
Activity Regulates the Synaptic Localization of the NMDA Receptor
... antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and assessed the patterns of NR1 and synaptophysin immunostaining (Figure 3). Chronic treatment with TTX had a similar effect to that of APV, causing a 320% increase in NR1 cluster number and a shift toward more synaptic clusters. CNQX caused a ...
... antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX) and assessed the patterns of NR1 and synaptophysin immunostaining (Figure 3). Chronic treatment with TTX had a similar effect to that of APV, causing a 320% increase in NR1 cluster number and a shift toward more synaptic clusters. CNQX caused a ...
Long-term potentiation
In neuroscience, long-term potentiation (LTP) is a persistent strengthening of synapses based on recent patterns of activity. These are patterns of synaptic activity that produce a long-lasting increase in signal transmission between two neurons. The opposite of LTP is long-term depression, which produces a long-lasting decrease in synaptic strength.It is one of several phenomena underlying synaptic plasticity, the ability of chemical synapses to change their strength. As memories are thought to be encoded by modification of synaptic strength, LTP is widely considered one of the major cellular mechanisms that underlies learning and memory.LTP was discovered in the rabbit hippocampus by Terje Lømo in 1966 and has remained a popular subject of research since. Many modern LTP studies seek to better understand its basic biology, while others aim to draw a causal link between LTP and behavioral learning. Still others try to develop methods, pharmacologic or otherwise, of enhancing LTP to improve learning and memory. LTP is also a subject of clinical research, for example, in the areas of Alzheimer's disease and addiction medicine.