From RNA to protein
... has been transcribed from the DNA to the mRNA and, via some more intermediates (ribosomes and transfer RNA), gives the sequence of amino acids that determine the polypeptide. ...
... has been transcribed from the DNA to the mRNA and, via some more intermediates (ribosomes and transfer RNA), gives the sequence of amino acids that determine the polypeptide. ...
Foundations of Biology
... Complex Genomes The human genome is about 3 x 109 base pairs or ≈ 1 m of DNA Because humans are diploid, each nucleus contains 6 3 x 109 base pairs or ≈ 2 m of DNA That is a lot to pack into a little nucleus! ©2000 Timothy G. Standish ...
... Complex Genomes The human genome is about 3 x 109 base pairs or ≈ 1 m of DNA Because humans are diploid, each nucleus contains 6 3 x 109 base pairs or ≈ 2 m of DNA That is a lot to pack into a little nucleus! ©2000 Timothy G. Standish ...
From Gene to Protein—Transcription and Translation
... the figure on page 4 of your biology background and instructions handout.) Student answers may vary. Student should included: the idea that during protein synthesis the DNA “language” has to be converted in RNA “language” in order for the information it contains to be understood and carried out. Thi ...
... the figure on page 4 of your biology background and instructions handout.) Student answers may vary. Student should included: the idea that during protein synthesis the DNA “language” has to be converted in RNA “language” in order for the information it contains to be understood and carried out. Thi ...
Bacterial Transcription Bacterial Transcription Bacterial
... Core enzyme - will bind to any DNA at low affinity. Selective binding requires the activity of sigma factor. ...
... Core enzyme - will bind to any DNA at low affinity. Selective binding requires the activity of sigma factor. ...
Predicted Existence of Messenger RNA: The Operon Model Until
... If all cells have the same DNA content, and the DNA of a cell specifies its activities (what enzymes it makes) and characteristics (what effect these enzymes have), why aren't all cells the same? We know that there are different cell types in our bodies, and that the activities of these cells change ...
... If all cells have the same DNA content, and the DNA of a cell specifies its activities (what enzymes it makes) and characteristics (what effect these enzymes have), why aren't all cells the same? We know that there are different cell types in our bodies, and that the activities of these cells change ...
Notes and Study Questions
... certain genes are turned on specifically in response to immune challenge. You’ve collected several such genes and reason that there must be something in common in the regulatory regions preceding these genes, but what? It’s an awful lot of DNA to eyeball successfully, so you’re looking for electroni ...
... certain genes are turned on specifically in response to immune challenge. You’ve collected several such genes and reason that there must be something in common in the regulatory regions preceding these genes, but what? It’s an awful lot of DNA to eyeball successfully, so you’re looking for electroni ...
Primer Design Considerations for Adding a T7 Promoter
... Highly Desirable: • Kozak consensus sequence (5′-CCACCATGG-3′) OR Eukaryotic translation initiation sequences from sequence being amplified. Increases efficiency of translation initiation. • 6–10 bases upstream of promoter. Improves efficiency of promoter. • 3- to 6-base spacer be ...
... Highly Desirable: • Kozak consensus sequence (5′-CCACCATGG-3′) OR Eukaryotic translation initiation sequences from sequence being amplified. Increases efficiency of translation initiation. • 6–10 bases upstream of promoter. Improves efficiency of promoter. • 3- to 6-base spacer be ...
From DNA to Protein
... d. Most are redundant and are coded by multiple codon combinations. e. The universal code, with few exceptions, is the same in all living organisms. 15.2 Transcription: DNA-Directed RNA Synthesis (Figure 15.6) A. RNA transcription is similar to DNA replication. B. Only one of the two DNA strands act ...
... d. Most are redundant and are coded by multiple codon combinations. e. The universal code, with few exceptions, is the same in all living organisms. 15.2 Transcription: DNA-Directed RNA Synthesis (Figure 15.6) A. RNA transcription is similar to DNA replication. B. Only one of the two DNA strands act ...
V9: Cell cycle, CDKs and cancer
... The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)–CDC20 (cell division control 20) complex targets cyclin A (CycA) and NEK2 for degradation by ubiquitylation in a spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC)-independent manner. In the presence of unaligned chromosomes, separase is kept inactive by securin and C ...
... The anaphase-promoting complex/cyclosome (APC/C)–CDC20 (cell division control 20) complex targets cyclin A (CycA) and NEK2 for degradation by ubiquitylation in a spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC)-independent manner. In the presence of unaligned chromosomes, separase is kept inactive by securin and C ...
MOPAC: Motif-finding by Preprocessing and Agglomerative
... – starve cells for nutrient sources – reintroduce => recovery => exponential growth – which genes show changes in response? ...
... – starve cells for nutrient sources – reintroduce => recovery => exponential growth – which genes show changes in response? ...
Genetics - PCB 3063
... • In B. subtilis, the trp operon mRNA is also controlled by attenuation. – However, it does not involve ribosome binding. – Instead, there is a protein called TRAP (trp RNA binding attenuation protein) that binds the leader of the trp mRNA. – TRAP binds Trp (11 molecules) and then binds the leader, ...
... • In B. subtilis, the trp operon mRNA is also controlled by attenuation. – However, it does not involve ribosome binding. – Instead, there is a protein called TRAP (trp RNA binding attenuation protein) that binds the leader of the trp mRNA. – TRAP binds Trp (11 molecules) and then binds the leader, ...
Molecular Biology
... • Many enzymes contain more than one polypeptide chain and each polypeptide is usually encoded in one gene • These observations have lead to the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis: Most genes contain the information for making one polypeptide ...
... • Many enzymes contain more than one polypeptide chain and each polypeptide is usually encoded in one gene • These observations have lead to the one gene one polypeptide hypothesis: Most genes contain the information for making one polypeptide ...
Zoology 145 course
... acid. In the triplet code three consecutive متتاليbases specify تحددan amino acid. The genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in DNA as a series of three-nucleotide words (triplets). During transcription, one DNA strand (the template strand) provides an RNA template. The comp ...
... acid. In the triplet code three consecutive متتاليbases specify تحددan amino acid. The genetic instructions for a polypeptide chain are written in DNA as a series of three-nucleotide words (triplets). During transcription, one DNA strand (the template strand) provides an RNA template. The comp ...
L 04 _transcription
... eukaryotes is complex, and involved many transcription factors. Termination depends on both proteins and DNA sequences, and perhaps DNA structures (the single-stranded DNA created to allow transcription may adopt secondary structure). Note that DNA replication begins at origins of replication scatte ...
... eukaryotes is complex, and involved many transcription factors. Termination depends on both proteins and DNA sequences, and perhaps DNA structures (the single-stranded DNA created to allow transcription may adopt secondary structure). Note that DNA replication begins at origins of replication scatte ...
Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases and their Promoters
... – There is one 20-amino acid subunit of great similarity – 2 subunits are about same size - same stoichiometry ...
... – There is one 20-amino acid subunit of great similarity – 2 subunits are about same size - same stoichiometry ...
Power point
... • trp operon is on unless switched off by repressor • Anabolic- tryptophan needed • When tryptophan is present, it binds to the trp repressor protein, which turns the operon off • thus the trp operon is turned off (repressed) if tryptophan levels are high (saves cell energy) ...
... • trp operon is on unless switched off by repressor • Anabolic- tryptophan needed • When tryptophan is present, it binds to the trp repressor protein, which turns the operon off • thus the trp operon is turned off (repressed) if tryptophan levels are high (saves cell energy) ...
CHAPTER 18 LECTURE NOTES: CONTROL OF GENE
... initiation, feedback inhibition, and premature transcriptional termination) A. The trp operon encodes genes that are required for the synthesis of tryptophan (Trp) when it is not available in the growth medium. B. Physiological observation was that excess Trp in the media represses trp expression. T ...
... initiation, feedback inhibition, and premature transcriptional termination) A. The trp operon encodes genes that are required for the synthesis of tryptophan (Trp) when it is not available in the growth medium. B. Physiological observation was that excess Trp in the media represses trp expression. T ...
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... 20.12 Promoters for RNA polymerase II have short sequence elements 20.13 Some promoter-binding proteins are repressors 20.14 Enhancers contain bidirectional elements that assist initiation 20.15 Independent domains bind DNA and activate transcription 20.16 The two hybrid assay detects protein-protei ...
... 20.12 Promoters for RNA polymerase II have short sequence elements 20.13 Some promoter-binding proteins are repressors 20.14 Enhancers contain bidirectional elements that assist initiation 20.15 Independent domains bind DNA and activate transcription 20.16 The two hybrid assay detects protein-protei ...
Power Point for Lecture 9
... When lactose is present, it acts as an inducer of the operon. It enters the cell and binds to the Lac repressor, inducing a conformational change that allows the repressor to fall off the DNA. Now the RNA polymerase is free to move along the DNA and RNA can be made from the three genes. Lactose can ...
... When lactose is present, it acts as an inducer of the operon. It enters the cell and binds to the Lac repressor, inducing a conformational change that allows the repressor to fall off the DNA. Now the RNA polymerase is free to move along the DNA and RNA can be made from the three genes. Lactose can ...
DmTTF, a novel mitochondrial transcription termination factor that
... termination factor. FlyBase GadFly Genome Annotation Database reports that the DmTTF gene is 1587 bp long; it is composed of three exons and two introns and generates a transcript of 1468 nt. The cDNA of DmTTF was cloned by means of PCR on a cDNA library of D.melanogaster. The sequence of the ORF (a ...
... termination factor. FlyBase GadFly Genome Annotation Database reports that the DmTTF gene is 1587 bp long; it is composed of three exons and two introns and generates a transcript of 1468 nt. The cDNA of DmTTF was cloned by means of PCR on a cDNA library of D.melanogaster. The sequence of the ORF (a ...
Bio1A Unit 2-7 Gene Expression Pt 1 Notes File
... • Mutants are almost always “loss of function” whatever you mutated doesn’t work. There are far more ways for things to go wrong than right. The alternative is a “gain of function” mutation. • Think of mutations in terms of an enzyme. ...
... • Mutants are almost always “loss of function” whatever you mutated doesn’t work. There are far more ways for things to go wrong than right. The alternative is a “gain of function” mutation. • Think of mutations in terms of an enzyme. ...
Protein synthesis
... • DNA is the genetic code for all life. DNA literally holds the instructions that make all life possible. Even so, DNA does not directly “do” anything. • Therefore, the processes of 1) transcription and 2) translation allow a cell to carry out the process of taking the code of DNA to mRNA and eventu ...
... • DNA is the genetic code for all life. DNA literally holds the instructions that make all life possible. Even so, DNA does not directly “do” anything. • Therefore, the processes of 1) transcription and 2) translation allow a cell to carry out the process of taking the code of DNA to mRNA and eventu ...
Gene Regulation
... arac muants are rare because the mutation must make AraC active without binding arabinose Inactivation of araC (unlike lacI) produces an ara- phenotype AraC must also be an antiactivator since... araCc mutations should be dominant (but they are not). IV. The trp operon (Negative regulation and trans ...
... arac muants are rare because the mutation must make AraC active without binding arabinose Inactivation of araC (unlike lacI) produces an ara- phenotype AraC must also be an antiactivator since... araCc mutations should be dominant (but they are not). IV. The trp operon (Negative regulation and trans ...
Transcription factor
In molecular biology and genetics, a transcription factor (sometimes called a sequence-specific DNA-binding factor) is a protein that binds to specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the rate of transcription of genetic information from DNA to messenger RNA. Transcription factors perform this function alone or with other proteins in a complex, by promoting (as an activator), or blocking (as a repressor) the recruitment of RNA polymerase (the enzyme that performs the transcription of genetic information from DNA to RNA) to specific genes.A defining feature of transcription factors is that they contain one or more DNA-binding domains (DBDs), which attach to specific sequences of DNA adjacent to the genes that they regulate. Additional proteins such as coactivators, chromatin remodelers, histone acetylases, deacetylases, kinases, and methylases, while also playing crucial roles in gene regulation, lack DNA-binding domains, and, therefore, are not classified as transcription factors.