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Dear Prism - The Horse Gazette
Dear Prism - The Horse Gazette

... I bred my Cremello to a Chestnut stallion and as you know the offspring were Palomino. If I breed the palomino to a Chestnut I know that my chances will be 50/50 in getting another palomino. My question is will it help if I look for a "recessive" chestnut for instance if the sire and dam of the chea ...
IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature
IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature

... In the last case, for instance, it should be ...
3- PARTE I Comparative cytogenetic mapping of Sox2 and
3- PARTE I Comparative cytogenetic mapping of Sox2 and

... orthologs are highly diverged in non-mammal groups and Sox2 orthologs are more stable among all vertebrates. The analysis of the genomic blocks containing Sox genes suggest the genes observed in the region are evolving as part of a large block of genes rather than individually. This is clearly obser ...
Brassinosteroid-6-Oxidases from Arabidopsis and
Brassinosteroid-6-Oxidases from Arabidopsis and

... (Bishop et al., 1999). This step is the furthest downstream step in BL biosynthesis among those known for mutations and enzymes. A defect in the Dwarf gene results in deficiency of CS and causes dwarfism with stem elongation and leaf expansion being suppressed (Bishop et al., 1996; Bishop et al., 19 ...
Impact of genetic engineering on the understanding of
Impact of genetic engineering on the understanding of

... type speci®city. To avoid potential transcriptional interference, point mutation by the Cre-lox P system is largely used in other ®elds. Of particular interest is the control of transgene expression by endogenous regulatory sequence of the gene of interest (socalled knock-in). The latter enables the ...
Metabolic regulation of Escherichia coli cultivated under anaerobic
Metabolic regulation of Escherichia coli cultivated under anaerobic

... has been investigated based on the extracellular metabolite concentrations [14-16]. It was shown that lactate can be overproduced by arcA/fnr double mutant [14] in a similar way as pfl gene knockout [17,18]. Reoxidation of the reducing equivalents such as NADH generated by the oxidation of the energ ...
Inheritance of Colour in Cattle
Inheritance of Colour in Cattle

... ! Where both are the same genes, the animal is Homozygous for that gene and will “breed true” for that gene, as it can only pass on one of that type to its progeny. (eg RbRb = Homozygous for Black) ! Where both are different genes, the animal is Heterozygous for that gene and will “not breed true” f ...
PDF manual - QIAGEN Bioinformatics
PDF manual - QIAGEN Bioinformatics

... typically only span one or two exons, many cases will occur where expression splice variants sharing the same exons cannot be determined accurately. With paired reads, more combinations of exons will be identified as being unique for a particular splice variant.2 • It is possible to detect Gene fusi ...
Evolution of Mammalian KELL Blood Group Glycoproteins and
Evolution of Mammalian KELL Blood Group Glycoproteins and

... disease of the fetus and newborn [5,7]. Recent studies have suggested that these reactions may occur not only as a result of immune RBC destruction, but also by the suppression of erythropoiesis by antiKELL-K1 antibodies, which can lead to severe anemia in the fetus or new born [35,36]. This paper r ...
Basic reading, writing and informatics skills for biomedical research
Basic reading, writing and informatics skills for biomedical research

... PubMed Related Articles Algorithm (II) • Next, a limited amount of stemming of words is done. • Words from the abstract of a document are classified as text words. • Words from titles are also classified as text words, but words from titles are added in a second time to give them a small advantage ...
Possibilities for feeding low-protein diets to weanling and growing pigs
Possibilities for feeding low-protein diets to weanling and growing pigs

... Once the ideal ratios have been chosen, one only need to know the lysine requirement for the pigs, because the requirement for all other indispensable AA can be calculated. In particular when low protein diets are formulated, this concept becomes a valuable tool. Formulating low protein diets If die ...
Gene Section NQO1 (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Gene Section NQO1 (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... electrophile responsive element) and an XRE (xenobiotic responsive element). ...
Breeding Policy for the RagaMuffin Cat
Breeding Policy for the RagaMuffin Cat

... to have two of these alleles at one time. If the full colour gene is present it will be dominant over any of the others. If the albino gene is present it will be recessive to any of the other alleles. If, however, the Siamese gene is present it will be recessive to the full colour gene but dominant ...
Coloured Southdown Sheep - Twisty Tree Ranch Fiber Farm
Coloured Southdown Sheep - Twisty Tree Ranch Fiber Farm

... In recent years, the frequency of coloured lambs appearing in British Southdown flocks, although not high, has been increasing. This re-emergence of the coloured gene is apparently associated with the Southdown sheep imported from New Zealand in 1980 since many black lambs can be shown to be descend ...
Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylase Genes and
Aromatic Amino Acid Hydroxylase Genes and

... K274E mutation. In Family B, the PAH K274E mutation was present in all available family members except for one schizophrenic subject. In all cases, the PAH K274E mutation was observed in the heterozygous state, and was accompanied by the PAH L321L polymorphism, either in the heterozygous or homozygo ...
Control of GL2 expression in Arabidopsis leaves and trichomes
Control of GL2 expression in Arabidopsis leaves and trichomes

... A Complex Question... • Because both GL1 and R are required to ectopically activate GL2, it is possible that GL1 and R function as a complex • A construct containing the GL1 gene with a myc epitope as an Nterminal fusion was generated – This same epitope fusion was made to a truncated version of th ...
A G to C mutation in the CRYGD gamma crystallin gene associated
A G to C mutation in the CRYGD gamma crystallin gene associated

... positional candidate genes; most genes have been identified using this strategy. A second approach has been to screen DNA from large panels of patients with inherited cataract for mutation in the many candidate genes available [6]. In the low and middle income countries, an awareness for the need fo ...
Gene Section PAX2 (Paired box gene 2) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Gene Section PAX2 (Paired box gene 2) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... transactivation domain. ...
Phenotypic overlap in the contribution of individual genes to CNV
Phenotypic overlap in the contribution of individual genes to CNV

... step, each of the phenotypic descriptions for each of the genes is searched for similarity to each of the CNV phenotypes. Every phenotype scoring above a similarity threshold is selected to be part of the resulting ‘phenogram’ (described below; see also Quantification of Phenogram Score in the Metho ...
Cancer Prone Disease Section Multiple osteochondromas (MO) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Cancer Prone Disease Section Multiple osteochondromas (MO) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... MO is characterized by the presence of multiple osteochondromas (osteocartilaginous exostosis), i.e. bony protrusions covered by a cartilaginous cap on the outer surface of bone. This results in a variety of orthopaedic deformities such as disproportionate short stature and bowing of the forearm. Os ...
Divergent Evolution and Evolution by the Birth-and
Divergent Evolution and Evolution by the Birth-and

... used cDNA, because germ-line genes were not available and sequence divergences were so large that the effect of somatic mutation was negligible. The cDNA sequences are denoted by asterisks in table 1. Since we used many genes from many different organisms, we designated each gene by the first letter ...
Food derived from glufosinate ammonium
Food derived from glufosinate ammonium

... typical of plant genes. To optimise expression in plants, a synthetic gene that has a lower G:C content has been transferred to corn and has approximately 70% DNA sequence similarity with the native gene. However, the amino acid sequence of the PAT protein has not been altered (Wohlleben et al, 1988 ...
A defense-offense multi-layered regulatory switch in a pathogenic
A defense-offense multi-layered regulatory switch in a pathogenic

... need to be precisely controlled, turning on the expression of genes required for the new condition and switching off the expression of unnecessary genes (e.g. (1–8)). Since many transcription factors (TFs) in bacteria act as activators of gene expression for some genes and repressors for others, suc ...
Peer Review 1
Peer Review 1

... bands for isolated SUFU and tGLI1, indicating that the two proteins are not interacting. This would mean that SUFU is not sufficient to repress tGLI1. Thus, the tGLI1 protein would function differently than the GLI1 protein, in terms of interaction with SUFU. If there are bands for tGLI1, SUFU, and ...
Estrogen receptor β gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to
Estrogen receptor β gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to

... alter protein function, whereas SNPs in the gene promoter can modify gene expression levels [16–22]. Thus, SNPs may lead to altered expression of growth controlling genes, thereby promoting tumor initiation and proliferation [17,21]. Polymorphisms in genes involved in estrogen biosynthesis, metaboli ...
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Gene nomenclature

Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in 1957. The need to develop formal guidelines for human gene names and symbols was recognized in the 1960s and full guidelines were issued in 1979 (Edinburgh Human Genome Meeting). Several other species-specific research communities (e.g., Drosophila, mouse) have adopted nomenclature standards, as well, and have published them on the relevant model organism websites and in scientific journals, including the Trends in Genetics Genetic Nomenclature Guide. Scientists familiar with a particular gene family may work together to revise the nomenclature for the entire set of genes when new information becomes available. For many genes and their corresponding proteins, an assortment of alternate names is in use across the scientific literature and public biological databases, posing a challenge to effective organization and exchange of biological information. Standardization of nomenclature thus tries to achieve the benefits of vocabulary control and bibliographic control, although adherence is voluntary. The advent of the information age has brought gene ontology, which in some ways is a next step of gene nomenclature, because it aims to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species.Gene nomenclature and protein nomenclature are not separate endeavors; they are aspects of the same whole. Any name or symbol used for a protein can potentially also be used for the gene that encodes it, and vice versa. But owing to the nature of how science has developed (with knowledge being uncovered bit by bit over decades), proteins and their corresponding genes have not always been discovered simultaneously (and not always physiologically understood when discovered), which is the largest reason why protein and gene names do not always match, or why scientists tend to favor one symbol or name for the protein and another for the gene. Another reason is that many of the mechanisms of life are the same or very similar across species, genera, orders, and phyla, so that a given protein may be produced in many kinds of organisms; and thus scientists naturally often use the same symbol and name for a given protein in one species (for example, mice) as in another species (for example, humans). Regarding the first duality (same symbol and name for gene or protein), the context usually makes the sense clear to scientific readers, and the nomenclatural systems also provide for some specificity by using italic for a symbol when the gene is meant and plain (roman) for when the protein is meant. Regarding the second duality (a given protein is endogenous in many kinds of organisms), the nomenclatural systems also provide for at least human-versus-nonhuman specificity by using different capitalization, although scientists often ignore this distinction, given that it is often biologically irrelevant.Also owing to the nature of how scientific knowledge has unfolded, proteins and their corresponding genes often have several names and symbols that are synonymous. Some of the earlier ones may be deprecated in favor of newer ones, although such deprecation is voluntary. Some older names and symbols live on simply because they have been widely used in the scientific literature (including before the newer ones were coined) and are well established among users.
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