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Microarrays and Cancer - URMC
Microarrays and Cancer - URMC

... expressed (turned on) in different cells under different conditions. When a gene is expressed, the genetic instructions coded in its DNA are transcribed (copied) to make messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules; then the coded instructions in messenger RNA are translated by the ribosome to make a specific pro ...
DNA Microarrays (Gene Chips) and Cancer - URMC
DNA Microarrays (Gene Chips) and Cancer - URMC

... expressed (turned on) in different cells under different conditions. When a gene is expressed, the genetic instructions coded in its DNA are transcribed (copied) to make messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules; then the coded instructions in messenger RNA are translated by the ribosome to make a specific pro ...
Castric et al. (MBE 2010) - GEPV
Castric et al. (MBE 2010) - GEPV

... times within dominant alleles. The relative magnitude of these two effects remains to be determined, both theoretically and empirically. A second distinctive feature of the molecular evolution of SI genes is the role played by recombination and/or gene conversion. Indeed, whether recombination occur ...
gene amplification and genomic plasticity in prokaryotes
gene amplification and genomic plasticity in prokaryotes

... These structures are thought to be formed by mechanisms entailing unequal exchanges or through circle-excision and reinsertion (see Mechanisms for Gene Amplification). Tandem duplications generally do not lead to loss of gene function (2, 93). Recombination between any pair of long repeated sequence ...
Understanding the Scurred condition in Polled Cattle
Understanding the Scurred condition in Polled Cattle

... Understanding the Scurred condition in Polled Cattle Most calves that are horned can be identified at birth or shortly after, and almost always by weaning time. Distinguishing between smooth-polled and scurred-polled is more difficult. Scurs, a rudimentary horn growth, are often not seen until cattl ...
The Drosophila pipsqueak gene encodes a nuclear BTB
The Drosophila pipsqueak gene encodes a nuclear BTB

... at (883, 884) was inferred based on Southern analysis of genomic DNA and homology to consensus sequences; the precise position of this intron was determined by Zollman et al. (1994). The genomic structure that we have determined differs somewhat from that presented by Weber et al. (1995). Sequence w ...
Estimating the ``Effective Number of Codons`
Estimating the ``Effective Number of Codons`

... estimation of the ‘‘effective number of codons,’’ Nc. Several attempts have been made recently to improve Wright’s estimate of Nc, but the methods that work in cases where a gene encodes a protein not containing all amino acids with degenerate codons have not been tested against each other. In this ...
A phylogenomic study of DNA repair genes, proteins
A phylogenomic study of DNA repair genes, proteins

... with known functions and based on inferring evolutionary events such as gene duplications that may identify groups of genes with similar functions w22x. Specific functional predictions made for repair genes are discussed in the sections on the different repair pathways. It is important to note that ...
December 2013 Newsletter - Wynnum Redlands Budgerigar Society
December 2013 Newsletter - Wynnum Redlands Budgerigar Society

Microbiology
Microbiology

... 0001-9549 0 1995 SGM ...
ANOVA and the Bootstrap - Computational Diagnostics Group
ANOVA and the Bootstrap - Computational Diagnostics Group

... Fit MHo to the observed data and calculate residuals and fitted values. Create a new data set by resampling with replacement from the residuals. Add the new residuals to the fitted values. Calculate t* by fitting Model MA to the new data set Repeat both steps many times (1000 times) Bootstrap p – va ...
Robust gene silencing mediated by antisense small RNAs in the
Robust gene silencing mediated by antisense small RNAs in the

... nitrosative stress (32), heat shock (33), histone acetylation (34), DNA methylation (35) or tissue invasion (25,36). EHI_197520 had abundant sRNAs and low gene expression in the HM-1:IMSS strain, but no sRNAs and high gene expression in the Rahman strain. Conversely, EHI_025700 had abundant sRNAs an ...
Multiple Domains Exist within the Upstream Activator
Multiple Domains Exist within the Upstream Activator

... direct the synthesis and secretion of unusual amino acid and sugar derivatives called opines. The inciting strain of Agrobacterium can utilize these opines as a carbon and sometimes a nitrogen source. Agrobacterium strains can be classified based upon their ability to catabolize particular opines. ( ...
Green Fluorescent Protein
Green Fluorescent Protein

... GFP is used within various fields of biology like molecular biology, neuroscience and cell biology. It can be used as a reporter gene, cell marker, fusion tag, and for quantitative monitoring of gene expression. GFP’s fluorescence characteristic can also be used in methods designed for sensing vario ...
Lecture-Mic 623-Plasmids-Listeria - Home
Lecture-Mic 623-Plasmids-Listeria - Home

... We determined the sequence and genetic organization of plasmid pIP823, which contains the dfrD gene; dfrD confers high-level trimethoprim resistance to Listeria monocytogenes BM4293 by synthesis of dihydrofolate reductase type S2. pIP823 possessed all the features of the pUB110/pC194 plasmid family ...
Gene Section TYR (tyrosinase (oculocutaneous albinism IA))  Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
Gene Section TYR (tyrosinase (oculocutaneous albinism IA)) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics

... iris in patients with OCA1A is light blue or gray and the retina lacks pigmentation as well. Tyrosinase null patients have greatly reduced visual acuity accompanied by nystagmus, strabismus, and usually photophobia (Ray et al., 2007). Patients with OCA1B present with varying levels of pigment. The h ...
A versatile toolbox for PCR-based tagging of yeast genes: new
A versatile toolbox for PCR-based tagging of yeast genes: new

... new selection markers have been introduced. The tags include the so far brightest and most yeast-optimized version of the red fluorescent protein, called RedStar2, as well as all other commonly used fluorescent proteins and tags used for the detection and purification of proteins and protein complex ...
TCA (Krebs) Cycle
TCA (Krebs) Cycle

... ©Copyright 1999-2004 by Gene C. Lavers No part of this presentation may be reproduced by any mechanical, photographic, or electronic process, or in the form of a phonographic recording, nor may it be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted, or otherwise copied for public or private use, without wr ...
NSPKU
NSPKU

... • A protein substitute contains NO Phe... But it contains all of the other amino acids in protein that your child needs. • Most protein substitutes also contain vitamins, minerals and other important nutrients to ensure your child is getting what they need. The protein substitute is an extremely imp ...
Gene Name
Gene Name

... hydrocarbon (Ah) receptor is involved in the induction of several enzymes that participate in xenobiotic metabolism. The ligand-free, cytosolic form of the Ah receptor is complexed to heat shock protein 90. Binding of ligand, which includes dioxin and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, results in tra ...
Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and
Targeted gene expression as a means of altering cell fates and

magamtol talalt cikkek
magamtol talalt cikkek

... regulates an enormous variety of cellular functions through the interaction of its catalytic subunit (PP1c) with over fifty different established or putative regulatory subunits. Most of these target PP1c to specific subcellular locations and interact with a small hydrophobic groove on the surface o ...
Gene Section LMO2 (LIM domain only 2 (rhombotin-like 1))
Gene Section LMO2 (LIM domain only 2 (rhombotin-like 1))

... but could act as a bridging molecule bringing together different DNA binding factors (TAL1, LDB1, E12/E47, GATA1) that are essential for hematopoiesis (e.g. in the erythroid complex). This interaction is critical for the regulation of red blood cell development in early stages of hematopoiesis. TAL1 ...
Genes - Gerstein Lab Publications
Genes - Gerstein Lab Publications

... retropseudogenes and found that genes with a high number of retropseudogene copies tend to be widely expressed, highly conserved and low in (G+C) content. With the complete genomes of more than 30 prokaryotes and 4 eukaryotes (including the Caenorhabditis elegans genome [19]) now published, we have ...
(1977) New Genes for Resistance to the Brown Planthopper in Rice
(1977) New Genes for Resistance to the Brown Planthopper in Rice

... with TN1 were crossed with IRl154-243, a selection with the recessive gene, bph 2 for resistance (7). Cultivars, whose F~ hybrids with TN1 were r~sistant, were crossed with IR1539-823, a dwarf selection that is homozygous for the dominant gene, Bph 1 for resistance (5). To determine the allelic rela ...
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Gene nomenclature

Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in 1957. The need to develop formal guidelines for human gene names and symbols was recognized in the 1960s and full guidelines were issued in 1979 (Edinburgh Human Genome Meeting). Several other species-specific research communities (e.g., Drosophila, mouse) have adopted nomenclature standards, as well, and have published them on the relevant model organism websites and in scientific journals, including the Trends in Genetics Genetic Nomenclature Guide. Scientists familiar with a particular gene family may work together to revise the nomenclature for the entire set of genes when new information becomes available. For many genes and their corresponding proteins, an assortment of alternate names is in use across the scientific literature and public biological databases, posing a challenge to effective organization and exchange of biological information. Standardization of nomenclature thus tries to achieve the benefits of vocabulary control and bibliographic control, although adherence is voluntary. The advent of the information age has brought gene ontology, which in some ways is a next step of gene nomenclature, because it aims to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species.Gene nomenclature and protein nomenclature are not separate endeavors; they are aspects of the same whole. Any name or symbol used for a protein can potentially also be used for the gene that encodes it, and vice versa. But owing to the nature of how science has developed (with knowledge being uncovered bit by bit over decades), proteins and their corresponding genes have not always been discovered simultaneously (and not always physiologically understood when discovered), which is the largest reason why protein and gene names do not always match, or why scientists tend to favor one symbol or name for the protein and another for the gene. Another reason is that many of the mechanisms of life are the same or very similar across species, genera, orders, and phyla, so that a given protein may be produced in many kinds of organisms; and thus scientists naturally often use the same symbol and name for a given protein in one species (for example, mice) as in another species (for example, humans). Regarding the first duality (same symbol and name for gene or protein), the context usually makes the sense clear to scientific readers, and the nomenclatural systems also provide for some specificity by using italic for a symbol when the gene is meant and plain (roman) for when the protein is meant. Regarding the second duality (a given protein is endogenous in many kinds of organisms), the nomenclatural systems also provide for at least human-versus-nonhuman specificity by using different capitalization, although scientists often ignore this distinction, given that it is often biologically irrelevant.Also owing to the nature of how scientific knowledge has unfolded, proteins and their corresponding genes often have several names and symbols that are synonymous. Some of the earlier ones may be deprecated in favor of newer ones, although such deprecation is voluntary. Some older names and symbols live on simply because they have been widely used in the scientific literature (including before the newer ones were coined) and are well established among users.
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