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Studies of codon usage and tRNA genes of 18 unicellular organisms
Studies of codon usage and tRNA genes of 18 unicellular organisms

... to known tRNAs, and their relative contents were quantified ( Table 1). Based on the tRNA quantification data and the four rules listed above, the optimal codons in B. subtilis were estimated ( Table 1). Fig. 2 shows that most of the optimal codons (marked in red) contribute positively to Z , and Fi ...
Research Article Reservoir of Bacterial Exotoxin Genes in the
Research Article Reservoir of Bacterial Exotoxin Genes in the

... air isolate with Pseudomonas spp., not with S. aureus. The ML, MP, and NJ bootsrap values for the main branches of the consensus tree separating the ambient air isolate from S. aureus and grouping it with Pseudomonas spp. were ≥94. The GenBank Accession number of environmental isolate “SEAB3C070426” ...
December 8, 2006 - Brandeis University
December 8, 2006 - Brandeis University

... not have allowed for proper fly development. An incubation temperature set too high, for example, may have made female flies sterile, affecting the progeny count. It is also still possible that some female flies from the deficiency strains erroneously entered the vials. Through Bioinformatics, the V ...
Presentation Slides - Society of Barley Engineers
Presentation Slides - Society of Barley Engineers

... Saccharomyces cerevisiaea -Single-celled fungus from the phylum Ascomycota -One of the most well characterized organisms -Genome sequenced in ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Developmental Review
Molecular Mechanisms of Developmental Review

... transitions are regulated in C. elegans. In contrast, studies in Drosophila have defined a central role for the steroid hormone ecdysone in directing the major developmental transitions in its life cycle, including molting and metamorphosis. No heterochronic mutant phenotypes that alter the timing o ...
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... host plant. The urediospores carry a limited supply of triglyserides that function as a metabolic energy source for the formation of urediospore germ tubes (Bushnell & Roelfs, 1984). The germ tubes grow laterally on the surface of the leaf and penetrate the leaf through the stomata, where infection ...
Hierarchical Text Categorization and Its Evaluation
Hierarchical Text Categorization and Its Evaluation

... disagree with one another can be together more accurate than its component classifiers • if there are L classifiers, each with an error rate < 1/2, and the errors are independent, then the prob. that the majority vote is wrong is the area under binomial distribution for more than L/2 hypotheses ...
Replication of plasmids with the p15A origin in Shewanella
Replication of plasmids with the p15A origin in Shewanella

... DNA. While these efficiencies are low, our previous experience with electroporation of other vectors into MR-1 has resulted in similar low efficiencies (unpublished observations). Part of this may result from the restriction of plasmids in S. putrefaciens which have E. coli modification (i.e. which ...
Advances in maize genomics: the emergence of positional cloning
Advances in maize genomics: the emergence of positional cloning

... that a 0.1 cM distance is contained on 1–2 BACs. If no BAC or BAC contig is available for a particular marker, or if one wishes to assemble a contig, a BAC library needs to be screened. The most widely used BAC library, ZMMBBb, consists of 247 680 clones, with an average insert size of 137 kb, that ...
Differential Functional Variability of Serotonin Transporter and
Differential Functional Variability of Serotonin Transporter and

... designated mti (AY897213). Sequence alignment revealed that the mti allele, which is 23 bp shorter than rhS, has most likely evolved from a deletion of three repetitive motifs in the second polymorphic locus (PL2) described previously (Fig. 1) (Lesch et al., 1997). The msy allele has almost exactly ...
Supplementary Discussion References
Supplementary Discussion References

... The differentially expressed gene list was obtained by meeting criteria: 1) intersection of both bipolar disorder and schizophrenia for significant genes, 2) passed ANCOVAs for restricted pH > 6.57 and 3) gene passed unrestricted ANCOVA for all pH. The list of genes that were found to be significant ...
association study of 37 genes suggests involvement of DDC
association study of 37 genes suggests involvement of DDC

... the majority of studies performed so far (McDougle et al. 2005). Second, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and dopamine receptor antagonists have a role in reducing specific associated symptoms in autism: aggression, self-injury and compulsive behaviours (Nikolov et al. 2006). And thir ...
Review Evolution of the coordinate regulation of glycolytic enzyme
Review Evolution of the coordinate regulation of glycolytic enzyme

... kinase and enolase (not shown), and suggest that the effect may be common to the entire pathway of genes. We do not know why or how this occurred. Precambrian: bacterial glycolytic genes The chart in Fig.·3 shows sections of time dating back to when life first appeared on earth. This early period is ...
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library
Get PDF - Wiley Online Library

... and HK gene EIs measured in separately extracted A and B cell mRNAs and mRNAs extracted from 50:50 mixtures of intact A and B cells to correct extraction variability and sample normalization errors in estimates of the relative proportions of the A and B HK gene mRNAs. EIs of each DE gene measured in ...
Price, DK, Zhang, F, Ashley, CT and Warren, ST: The chicken FMR1 gene is highly conserved containing a CTT 5\' untranslated repeat and encodes an RNA-binding protein. Genomics 31:3-12 (1996).
Price, DK, Zhang, F, Ashley, CT and Warren, ST: The chicken FMR1 gene is highly conserved containing a CTT 5\' untranslated repeat and encodes an RNA-binding protein. Genomics 31:3-12 (1996).

... sequence, RT-PCR of chicken poly(A)/ RNA was performed using primers specific for 5* and 3* UTR sequences. The cloned PCR product, designated pcFMR1, was shown via DNA sequencing to be identical to the previously generated cDNA contig, with the exception of the absence of the equivalent of the first ...
Chloroplast phosphoglycerate kinase from Euglena gracilis
Chloroplast phosphoglycerate kinase from Euglena gracilis

... almost identical proteins of 423 amino acids that differ in only one residue. Asp422 of the second PGK protein (and also of the identical C-terminal fragment of the first unit) was replaced by Asn in the third PGK protein at the 3¢ end. At the nucleotide level sequence identity of the PGK segments is ...
Statistical analysis of DNA microarray data
Statistical analysis of DNA microarray data

... Which genes to use for normalization  Housekeeping genes  Genes involved in essential activities of cell maintenance and survival, but not in cell function and proliferation  These genes will be similarly expressed in all samples.  Difficult to identify – need to be confirmed  Affymetrix GeneC ...
Isolation and Characterization of Rice MADS Box Gene
Isolation and Characterization of Rice MADS Box Gene

... Thirty-five MADS box gene homologues were identified through a large-scale cDNA analysis in rice. Based on the nucleotide sequences of the 3'-untranslated region, these clones were classified into 11 independent species. Seven species were found to be new among the rice MADS box gene family, and the ...
outline4003
outline4003

... By age 40, PK may be required Mutation localized to the 123 gene on chromosome 16 (16q22) Central Crystalline Dystrophy of Schnyder Characterized by central crystalline stromal cholesterol deposits, sometimes with an arcus Visual acuity only reduced if opacities are dense Only dystrophy associated w ...
Risks from GMOs due to Horizontal Gene Transfer
Risks from GMOs due to Horizontal Gene Transfer

... (Falk and Bruening, 1994) or gene transfer to humans has been controversially proposed as a potential trigger for oncogenesis (Ho et al., 2000). ...
Splice Site Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks
Splice Site Prediction Using Artificial Neural Networks

... Based on data from the The Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) release 8 website [8], we compiled a certain set of genes. TAIR is an on-line database resource of genetic and molecular biology data of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. ...
Insights into three whole-genome duplications gleaned
Insights into three whole-genome duplications gleaned

... retention. We find widespread asymmetrical evolution among aurelia paralogs, which ...
Solving the shugoshin puzzle
Solving the shugoshin puzzle

... two rounds of chromosome segregation. Whereas the second meiotic division is similar to mitosis, with sister centromeres segregating to opposite poles, homologous centromeres segregate during the first meiotic division. Three major features of meiotic chromosomes ensure the reductional nature of chr ...
The ecology of transfer of mobile genetic elements
The ecology of transfer of mobile genetic elements

... activity, resulting in the occurrence of locally enhanced densities of active cells. These sites are often conducive to HGT processes [10], and have been denominated ‘hot’ spots for bacterial gene transfer activity. The conditions in these hot spots that together determine the HGT-conduciveness can ...
Analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene segments for the diagnosis of
Analysis of 16S ribosomal RNA gene segments for the diagnosis of

... In the late of 1900s, genotypic identification is emerging as an alternative or complement to established phenotypic methods. Typically, genotypic identification of bacteria involves the use of conserved sequences within phylogenetically informative genetic targets, such as the small-subunit 16S-rRN ...
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Gene nomenclature

Gene nomenclature is the scientific naming of genes, the units of heredity in living organisms. An international committee published recommendations for genetic symbols and nomenclature in 1957. The need to develop formal guidelines for human gene names and symbols was recognized in the 1960s and full guidelines were issued in 1979 (Edinburgh Human Genome Meeting). Several other species-specific research communities (e.g., Drosophila, mouse) have adopted nomenclature standards, as well, and have published them on the relevant model organism websites and in scientific journals, including the Trends in Genetics Genetic Nomenclature Guide. Scientists familiar with a particular gene family may work together to revise the nomenclature for the entire set of genes when new information becomes available. For many genes and their corresponding proteins, an assortment of alternate names is in use across the scientific literature and public biological databases, posing a challenge to effective organization and exchange of biological information. Standardization of nomenclature thus tries to achieve the benefits of vocabulary control and bibliographic control, although adherence is voluntary. The advent of the information age has brought gene ontology, which in some ways is a next step of gene nomenclature, because it aims to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species.Gene nomenclature and protein nomenclature are not separate endeavors; they are aspects of the same whole. Any name or symbol used for a protein can potentially also be used for the gene that encodes it, and vice versa. But owing to the nature of how science has developed (with knowledge being uncovered bit by bit over decades), proteins and their corresponding genes have not always been discovered simultaneously (and not always physiologically understood when discovered), which is the largest reason why protein and gene names do not always match, or why scientists tend to favor one symbol or name for the protein and another for the gene. Another reason is that many of the mechanisms of life are the same or very similar across species, genera, orders, and phyla, so that a given protein may be produced in many kinds of organisms; and thus scientists naturally often use the same symbol and name for a given protein in one species (for example, mice) as in another species (for example, humans). Regarding the first duality (same symbol and name for gene or protein), the context usually makes the sense clear to scientific readers, and the nomenclatural systems also provide for some specificity by using italic for a symbol when the gene is meant and plain (roman) for when the protein is meant. Regarding the second duality (a given protein is endogenous in many kinds of organisms), the nomenclatural systems also provide for at least human-versus-nonhuman specificity by using different capitalization, although scientists often ignore this distinction, given that it is often biologically irrelevant.Also owing to the nature of how scientific knowledge has unfolded, proteins and their corresponding genes often have several names and symbols that are synonymous. Some of the earlier ones may be deprecated in favor of newer ones, although such deprecation is voluntary. Some older names and symbols live on simply because they have been widely used in the scientific literature (including before the newer ones were coined) and are well established among users.
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