INTRODUCTION, PART II
... Arab) and tribal differences. They were not motivated to unite in a common cause for either conquest or defence. It was difficult for the Spanish Muslim communities to perceive a serious threat from the separate, small Christian kingdoms, and easy for the southernmost Spanish Muslim taifas to bask i ...
... Arab) and tribal differences. They were not motivated to unite in a common cause for either conquest or defence. It was difficult for the Spanish Muslim communities to perceive a serious threat from the separate, small Christian kingdoms, and easy for the southernmost Spanish Muslim taifas to bask i ...
The Two Faces of Islam - Sonoma State University
... Wahhabis provided a means for the legitimation of political power. Many commentators, Muslim and non-Muslim, have characterized the Wahhabis' labeling of other Muslims unbelievers as nothing more than a pretext for robbery, murder, and rape, which would naturally appeal to the desert brigands who ra ...
... Wahhabis provided a means for the legitimation of political power. Many commentators, Muslim and non-Muslim, have characterized the Wahhabis' labeling of other Muslims unbelievers as nothing more than a pretext for robbery, murder, and rape, which would naturally appeal to the desert brigands who ra ...
What is Muharram - Morals and Ethics
... stones, rubbish and verbal abuse bombarded them. They were kept in prison for over a year It is to be noted that people who did this with the family of Mohammad were themselves Muslims. The insidious whisper comes: ...
... stones, rubbish and verbal abuse bombarded them. They were kept in prison for over a year It is to be noted that people who did this with the family of Mohammad were themselves Muslims. The insidious whisper comes: ...
Virgins? What virgins?
... One of the reasons NIETZSCHE hated Christianity was that it "made something unclean out of sexuality", whereas Islam, many would argue, was sex-positive. One cannot imagine any of the Church fathers writing ecstatically of heavenly sex as AL-SUYUTI did, with the possible exception of St AUGUSTINE be ...
... One of the reasons NIETZSCHE hated Christianity was that it "made something unclean out of sexuality", whereas Islam, many would argue, was sex-positive. One cannot imagine any of the Church fathers writing ecstatically of heavenly sex as AL-SUYUTI did, with the possible exception of St AUGUSTINE be ...
Bilal Ibn Rabah (part 2 of 2): Islam`s first Muaddhin
... saw the same dream." Prophet Muhammad was pleased and said "Praise be to God."'[6] In the decade after the migration Bilal accompanied Prophet Muhammad on all his military expeditions, and had the honour of carrying Prophet Muhammad's spear. He fought in the Battle of Badr, and in the aftermath he k ...
... saw the same dream." Prophet Muhammad was pleased and said "Praise be to God."'[6] In the decade after the migration Bilal accompanied Prophet Muhammad on all his military expeditions, and had the honour of carrying Prophet Muhammad's spear. He fought in the Battle of Badr, and in the aftermath he k ...
ISL373 - National Open University of Nigeria
... The Muslim conquest of North Africa started during the reign of the second Caliph, ‘Umar bin al-Khattab (d.644). No sooner had ‘Umar settled affairs in Syria than one of his best generals, ‘Amr bin ‘l-‘As, sought permission to lead an army into Egypt, pointing out that the country was wealthy but d ...
... The Muslim conquest of North Africa started during the reign of the second Caliph, ‘Umar bin al-Khattab (d.644). No sooner had ‘Umar settled affairs in Syria than one of his best generals, ‘Amr bin ‘l-‘As, sought permission to lead an army into Egypt, pointing out that the country was wealthy but d ...
Key Questions - Caggia Social Studies
... rebuilt Timbuktu made Timbuktu a cultural center • decline weak leadership Songhai • Sonni Ali • Askia Muhammad hajj • decline • defeated by Morocco ...
... rebuilt Timbuktu made Timbuktu a cultural center • decline weak leadership Songhai • Sonni Ali • Askia Muhammad hajj • decline • defeated by Morocco ...
History 439 syllabus 2015 copy
... something of a thought-experiment, its fundamental attitude skepticism rather than faith. It is interested in what particular people believed at particular moments in particular contexts. On its own the discipline is incapable of proving or disproving any of the big truths and many of the smaller on ...
... something of a thought-experiment, its fundamental attitude skepticism rather than faith. It is interested in what particular people believed at particular moments in particular contexts. On its own the discipline is incapable of proving or disproving any of the big truths and many of the smaller on ...
Religion and the State in Islam
... state in the “Muslim South”—that half of the Muslim world located south of Medina, whose peoples came to Islam centuries after those of the “Muslim North”—and how understanding the different means of legitimating governance in the Muslim South sheds light on the crisis of legitimacy in Muslim-majori ...
... state in the “Muslim South”—that half of the Muslim world located south of Medina, whose peoples came to Islam centuries after those of the “Muslim North”—and how understanding the different means of legitimating governance in the Muslim South sheds light on the crisis of legitimacy in Muslim-majori ...
Bantu Migration - Effingham County Schools
... made him well-known across northern Africa and the Middle East. To Musa, Islam was the foundation of the "cultured world of the Eastern Mediterranean". He would spend much time fostering the growth of Islam in his empire. Musa made his pilgrimage in 1324, his procession reported to include 60,000 me ...
... made him well-known across northern Africa and the Middle East. To Musa, Islam was the foundation of the "cultured world of the Eastern Mediterranean". He would spend much time fostering the growth of Islam in his empire. Musa made his pilgrimage in 1324, his procession reported to include 60,000 me ...
Cultural Exchange - Auburn High School
... fundamental divide in the Muslim community A small group called the Shi’a openly resisted Umayyad rule Those who did not openly resist, but disagreed with Umayyad rule were called Sunnis, meaning followers of Muhammad’s example They believed the Umayyad had become too worldly and lost their religiou ...
... fundamental divide in the Muslim community A small group called the Shi’a openly resisted Umayyad rule Those who did not openly resist, but disagreed with Umayyad rule were called Sunnis, meaning followers of Muhammad’s example They believed the Umayyad had become too worldly and lost their religiou ...
From Kharijites to IS: Muhammad`s Prophecy of Extremist Thought
... form the global Muslim community as misguided innovations. IS consists of young people who are mostly ignorant of Islam. Yet they give the impression of being firmly adherent to the Quran by their way of worship, speech and propagation of Islam. This is especially apparent in their main propagandic ...
... form the global Muslim community as misguided innovations. IS consists of young people who are mostly ignorant of Islam. Yet they give the impression of being firmly adherent to the Quran by their way of worship, speech and propagation of Islam. This is especially apparent in their main propagandic ...
History of the Middle East to 1500
... and until today. It should also enable students to identify the approaches taken by several key modern scholars, including their treatments of source materials. Having taken this class, students should be able to critically appraise articles (written for the educated lay reader) about early Islam or ...
... and until today. It should also enable students to identify the approaches taken by several key modern scholars, including their treatments of source materials. Having taken this class, students should be able to critically appraise articles (written for the educated lay reader) about early Islam or ...
history of Elegy writing in Arabic literature, Islamic era
... have been obliged to favor them . They are a source of grace and kindness and worms due to their love , mercy includes others. was removed grief from the heart of every Muslim . Prophet 's death was the biggest and most painful event of the fledgling nation was revealed, so anxious were all Muslims ...
... have been obliged to favor them . They are a source of grace and kindness and worms due to their love , mercy includes others. was removed grief from the heart of every Muslim . Prophet 's death was the biggest and most painful event of the fledgling nation was revealed, so anxious were all Muslims ...
Sufism in Morocco
... Moroccan Islam — a term rejected by Islamists who believe there is only one Islam with no local colourations — is a mixture of Sufism and Maraboutism. The Sufis arrived from the east around the 15th century and spread across the country, preaching a moderate Islam to uneducated farmers. On their dea ...
... Moroccan Islam — a term rejected by Islamists who believe there is only one Islam with no local colourations — is a mixture of Sufism and Maraboutism. The Sufis arrived from the east around the 15th century and spread across the country, preaching a moderate Islam to uneducated farmers. On their dea ...
I. Section 1: The Rise of Islam
... 7. How did the Ottoman Empire come to dominate the Middle East and what kind of culture did it promote? 8. Describe the characteristics of the Safavid Empire and its success under Shah Abbas. 9. In what ways did Islam change from the original tenets of Muhammad? ...
... 7. How did the Ottoman Empire come to dominate the Middle East and what kind of culture did it promote? 8. Describe the characteristics of the Safavid Empire and its success under Shah Abbas. 9. In what ways did Islam change from the original tenets of Muhammad? ...
ISIS` Caliphate Utopia - S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies
... Ottoman Caliphate. While that was depicted as the beginning of Muslim political disintegration, in actuality, the Muslim political crisis began more than a thousand years earlier. The succession dispute that emerged following the death of Prophet Muhammad saw three of the first four "Rightly Guided ...
... Ottoman Caliphate. While that was depicted as the beginning of Muslim political disintegration, in actuality, the Muslim political crisis began more than a thousand years earlier. The succession dispute that emerged following the death of Prophet Muhammad saw three of the first four "Rightly Guided ...
Chapter 6 - Stamford High School
... in many gods. The Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham and his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built at Makkah (Mecca) the Kaaba (KAH• buh), a house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred stone, called the Black Stone. The Arabs recognized a supreme god named Allah (Allah is Arabic for “ ...
... in many gods. The Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham and his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built at Makkah (Mecca) the Kaaba (KAH• buh), a house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred stone, called the Black Stone. The Arabs recognized a supreme god named Allah (Allah is Arabic for “ ...
Chapter 6 - The Official Site - Varsity.com
... in many gods. The Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham and his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built at Makkah (Mecca) the Kaaba (KAH• buh), a house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred stone, called the Black Stone. The Arabs recognized a supreme god named Allah (Allah is Arabic for “ ...
... in many gods. The Arabs trace their ancestors to Abraham and his son Ishmael, who were believed to have built at Makkah (Mecca) the Kaaba (KAH• buh), a house of worship whose cornerstone was a sacred stone, called the Black Stone. The Arabs recognized a supreme god named Allah (Allah is Arabic for “ ...
The Origins of the Sunni/Shia split in Islam
... point of interest, the Jafari School is named after its founder Imam Jafaf Sidiq who was a direct descendent through two different lines of the Sunni Caliph Abu Bakr. And Al Azhar University, though now Sunni, was actually founded by the Shia Fatimid dynasty in 969CE. However, there remain significa ...
... point of interest, the Jafari School is named after its founder Imam Jafaf Sidiq who was a direct descendent through two different lines of the Sunni Caliph Abu Bakr. And Al Azhar University, though now Sunni, was actually founded by the Shia Fatimid dynasty in 969CE. However, there remain significa ...
Study Guide
... (632-634 C.E.) The first caliph; one of Muhammad's earliest followers and closest friends His two-year reign was marked by tribal rebellions and the expansion of the Muslim state into southern Syria and Iraq powerful Muslim clan that established first dynastic Arab caliphate. Of the same tribe as Mo ...
... (632-634 C.E.) The first caliph; one of Muhammad's earliest followers and closest friends His two-year reign was marked by tribal rebellions and the expansion of the Muslim state into southern Syria and Iraq powerful Muslim clan that established first dynastic Arab caliphate. Of the same tribe as Mo ...
11 ISLAM 570 C.E. – 1500 C.E.
... faithful? What teachings or principles are considered to be among the core beliefs of Islam? ...
... faithful? What teachings or principles are considered to be among the core beliefs of Islam? ...
file - Interfaith Cultural Organization
... • born 571, sufferings from early childhood • 610, first revelation from angel Gabriel during Ramadan ...
... • born 571, sufferings from early childhood • 610, first revelation from angel Gabriel during Ramadan ...
Medieval Muslim Algeria
Medieval Muslim Algeria was a period of Muslim dominance in Algeria during the Middle Ages, roughly spanning the millennium from the 7th century to the 17th century. Unlike the invasions of previous religions and cultures, the coming of Islam, which was spread by Arabs, was to have pervasive and long-lasting effects on North Africa. The new faith, in its various forms, would penetrate nearly all segments of society, bringing with it armies, learned men, and fervent mystics; in large part, it would replace tribal practices and loyalties with new social norms and political idioms.Nonetheless, the Islamization and Arabization of the region were complicated and lengthy processes. Whereas nomadic Berbers were quick to convert and assist the Arab invaders, not until the 12th century under the Almohad Dynasty did the Christian and Jewish communities become totally marginalized.The first Arab military expeditions into the Maghrib, between 642 and 669, resulted in the spread of Islam. These early forays from a base in Egypt occurred under local initiative rather than under orders from the central caliphate. When the seat of the caliphate moved from Medina to Damascus, however, the Umayyads (a Muslim dynasty ruling from 661 to 750) recognized that the strategic necessity of dominating the Mediterranean dictated a concerted military effort on the North African front. In 670, therefore, an Arab army under Uqba ibn Nafi established the town of Al Qayrawan about 160 kilometers south of present-day Tunis and used it as a base for further operations.Abu al Muhajir Dinar, Uqba's successor, pushed westward into Algeria and eventually worked out a modus vivendi with Kusayla, the ruler of an extensive confederation of Christian Berbers. Kusayla, who had been based in Tilimsan (Tlemcen), became a Muslim and moved his headquarters to Takirwan, near Al Qayrawan.This harmony was short-lived, however. Arab and Berber forces controlled the region in turn until 697. By 711, Umayyad forces helped by Berber converts to Islam had conquered all of North Africa. Governors appointed by the Umayyad caliphs ruled from Al Qayrawan, capital of the new wilaya (province) of Ifriqiya, which covered Tripolitania (the western part of present-day Libya), Tunisia, and eastern Algeria.Paradoxically, the spread of Islam among the Berbers did not guarantee their support for the Arab-dominated caliphate. The ruling Arabs alienated the Berbers by taxing them heavily; treating converts as second-class Muslims; and, at worst, by enslaving them. As a result, widespread opposition took the form of open revolt in 739–40 under the banner of Kharijite Islam. The Kharijites objected to Ali, the fourth caliph, making peace with the Umayyads in 657 and left Ali's camp (khariji means ""those who leave""). The Kharijites had been fighting Umayyad rule in the East, and many Berbers were attracted by the sect's egalitarian precepts. For example, according to Kharijism, any suitable Muslim candidate could be elected caliph without regard to race, station, or descent from the Prophet Muhammad.After the revolt, Kharijites established a number of theocratic tribal kingdoms, most of which had short and troubled histories. Others, however, like Sijilmasa and Tilimsan, which straddled the principal trade routes, proved more viable and prospered. In 750 the Abbasids, who succeeded the Umayyads as Muslim rulers, moved the caliphate to Baghdad and reestablished caliphal authority in Ifriqiya, appointing Ibrahim ibn al Aghlab as governor in Al Qayrawan. Although nominally serving at the caliph's pleasure, Al Aghlab and his successors, the Aghlabids, ruled independently until 909, presiding over a court that became a center for learning and culture.Just to the west of Aghlabid lands, Abd ar Rahman ibn Rustam ruled most of the central Maghrib from Tahert, southwest of Algiers. The rulers of the Rustamid imamate, which lasted from 761 to 909, each an Ibadi Kharijite imam, were elected by leading citizens. The imams gained a reputation for honesty, piety, and justice. The court at Tahert was noted for its support of scholarship in mathematics, astronomy, and astrology, as well as theology and law. The Rustamid imams, however, failed, by choice or by neglect, to organize a reliable standing army. This important factor, accompanied by the dynasty's eventual collapse into decadence, opened the way for Tahert's demise under the assault of the Fatimids.