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History of ISLAM
INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
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Djahiliyya Period
• Society of Mecca (c. 550 CE)
− location on trade route between southern Arabia and
Egypt/Syria
− site of lucrative religious ritual
− the Ka’aba, the Black Stone, and idols of the tribal gods
• –by tradition, Ka’aba stretches back to Abraham and
Ishmael
• Tribal idols of God
• Mecca ruled by the Quraish tribe, descendants of Abraham and
Ishmael
INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
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The Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
• born 571, sufferings from early childhood
• 610, first revelation from angel Gabriel during Ramadan
• 610-619
− first converts; Khadija, Ali, Zaid and Abu Bakr (first among
the “Six Companions”)
• 622, Migration to Medine (The Hegira). Starting date for
Islamic Calendar.
INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
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The Prophet Muhammad (SAW)
•
622 - 630: Medina Years
− sets rituals of prayer and involved with practical problems of
theocratic rule and judgment
•
Conquest of Mecca 628-630, without blood shed.
- Ten year’s truth-Hudaibiyah; exchange of annual pilgrimage
for safety of caravans
•
632, Farewell Pilgrimage at Makkah, The Ka’ba
− At the final preach announced all muslims to be brothers of
each other
− Death of the Prophet
INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
www.interfaithathens.org
The Kor’an
• Writing of The Kor’an
− Prophet Muhammad (SAW) dictates revelations; written on
parchment, leather, palm-leaves, bones for deposit
− also memorization and oral recitement
− 633, Caliph Abu Bakr orders Muhammad’s (SAW) chief
amanuensis, Zaid ibn Thabit, to “search out the Kor’an and
bring it together”
− 651, under the rule of Caliph Uthman (Osman) the official
text of the Kor’an is established
INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
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The Period of Four Caliphs
• Abu Bakr (r. 632-634)
• Umar (Omar ibn al-Khattab) (r. 634-644)
• Uthman (Ummayyad clan) (r. 644-656)
• Ali (r. 656-661)
INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
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Expansion of Islam
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The Great Islamic Dynasties
• Ummayad Caliphate (661-750 CE)
• Capital to Damascus, Caliph of God, Hereditary Succession
• Extension of Boundaries, Orderly and Liberal Government
• Hereditary Lottery: Incompetence, Extravagance and
Surrender of Administration
• Abbassid Caliphate (750 - 1058 CE)
• Restoration of Hamishite line; capital to Anbar, then
Baghdad
• Administration of Persians, Establishment of Vizierate
• Inauguration of the Golden Age of Islamic Culture and
Science
INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
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Expansion of Islam
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The Great Islamic Dynasties
• Seljuks (1055-1258 CE)
• 1071, Battle of Manzikert (Malazgirt), Byzantine defeated
• Crusades (1096, 1147, 1189)
• 1187, Salahaddin, and battle over Jerusalem
• 1258, Mongols conquer Baghdad and bring end to the
dynasty. Turkish Anatolia fragmented to small principalities
(beyliks), one of them led by Uthman (Osman) later to
become Ottoman Empire
INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
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The Great Islamic Dynasties
• Ottoman Empire (late 13 CE - 1258 CE)
• 1453, Ottomans conquer Constantinopol (Istanbul), and
was set to be the capital
• Development and regularization of Islamic Law,
administration, education, arts and etc.
• 1923, Treaty of Lausanne, brought an end to 600+ year old
Ottoman, and granted international acceptance to the
boundaries of the new Republic of Turkey
INTERFAITH CULTURAL ORGANIZATION
www.interfaithathens.org