Laboratory Evolution of Cytochrome P450 BM-3 Monooxygenase for Organic Cosolvents
... Point mutagenesis at low error rates explores only a very limited set of (primarily conservative) amino acid substitutions. We and others have observed that saturation mutagenesis performed at sites identified by error-prone PCR often generates further improvements. Taking double-mutant F87AB5 as th ...
... Point mutagenesis at low error rates explores only a very limited set of (primarily conservative) amino acid substitutions. We and others have observed that saturation mutagenesis performed at sites identified by error-prone PCR often generates further improvements. Taking double-mutant F87AB5 as th ...
Radical species in the catalytic pathways of enzymes from anaerobes
... enzymes (OXjSWg = in yeast, [1]) and led to the discovery of the main metabolic routes by Otto Warburg, Sir Hans Krebs, Feodor Lynen and other biochemists. In 1959, the organic chemist Sir John W. Cornforth summarised these achievements in an important review [2] and proposed plausible mechanisms fo ...
... enzymes (OXjSWg = in yeast, [1]) and led to the discovery of the main metabolic routes by Otto Warburg, Sir Hans Krebs, Feodor Lynen and other biochemists. In 1959, the organic chemist Sir John W. Cornforth summarised these achievements in an important review [2] and proposed plausible mechanisms fo ...
Peptides and proteins Chapter 36:
... acids is termed a protein. However, interleukins, cytokines, and interferon are also sometimes referred to as peptides, even though they possess a much higher molecular weight (Figure 36.2). Sometimes the distinction between the two categories relies more on the function of the molecule rather than ...
... acids is termed a protein. However, interleukins, cytokines, and interferon are also sometimes referred to as peptides, even though they possess a much higher molecular weight (Figure 36.2). Sometimes the distinction between the two categories relies more on the function of the molecule rather than ...
Biochimie
... sequence similarity to those of higher plants. PDC is a multienzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, leading to acetyl-CoA. The plastidial pyruvate kinase, which converts phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate, was shown to be important as a pyruvate supply for FAS via PD ...
... sequence similarity to those of higher plants. PDC is a multienzyme complex that catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate, leading to acetyl-CoA. The plastidial pyruvate kinase, which converts phosphoenolpyruvate into pyruvate, was shown to be important as a pyruvate supply for FAS via PD ...
Anaerobic glycolysis
... Which of the following statements correctly describes an aspect of glycolysis? a. ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation b. Two molecules of ATP are used in the beginning of the pathway c. Pyruvate kinase is the rate-limiting enzyme d. One molecule of pyruvate and 3 olecules of CO2 are formed fr ...
... Which of the following statements correctly describes an aspect of glycolysis? a. ATP is formed by oxidative phosphorylation b. Two molecules of ATP are used in the beginning of the pathway c. Pyruvate kinase is the rate-limiting enzyme d. One molecule of pyruvate and 3 olecules of CO2 are formed fr ...
Sylabus
... Educational goals (goals for lessons set by instructor, related to the results of education, max. 6 items) C1. Acquisition of the knowledge on the metabolism of the main groups of chemical compounds in physiological conditions. C2. Understanding the processes leading to the diversion of normal into ...
... Educational goals (goals for lessons set by instructor, related to the results of education, max. 6 items) C1. Acquisition of the knowledge on the metabolism of the main groups of chemical compounds in physiological conditions. C2. Understanding the processes leading to the diversion of normal into ...
Ch. 22 Glycolysis • Explain how glucose is universal fuel, oxidized in
... • Generates 2 molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH • Pyruvate can enter mitochondria for complete oxidation to CO2 in TCA + electron transport chain • Anaerobic glycolysis reduces pyruvate to lactate, and recycles (wastes) NADH -> NAD+ ...
... • Generates 2 molecules of ATP (substrate-level phosphorylation) and 2 NADH • Pyruvate can enter mitochondria for complete oxidation to CO2 in TCA + electron transport chain • Anaerobic glycolysis reduces pyruvate to lactate, and recycles (wastes) NADH -> NAD+ ...
Biochemistry Study Guide NITROGEN METABOLISM
... PROTEIN SYMPORT: Facilitated transport of amino acids is one of two ways that amino acids can get into cells. The other way is via glutathione. Amino Acid comes in as a symport with Na+, with Na+ flowing with its concentration gradient. So, this transport itself does not require energy. Na+ grad ...
... PROTEIN SYMPORT: Facilitated transport of amino acids is one of two ways that amino acids can get into cells. The other way is via glutathione. Amino Acid comes in as a symport with Na+, with Na+ flowing with its concentration gradient. So, this transport itself does not require energy. Na+ grad ...
Clinical Biochemistry
... Nutrition polysaccharides are common sources of energy. Many organisms can easily break down starches into glucose; however, most organisms cannot metabolize cellulose or other polysaccharides like chitin and arabinoxylans. These carbohydrate types can be metabolized by some bacteria and protists. R ...
... Nutrition polysaccharides are common sources of energy. Many organisms can easily break down starches into glucose; however, most organisms cannot metabolize cellulose or other polysaccharides like chitin and arabinoxylans. These carbohydrate types can be metabolized by some bacteria and protists. R ...
Molecular Characterization of NADH-Dependent
... Fd-GOGAT is -42% identical to that of the large subunit of Escherichia coli NADPH-GOGAT however, the maize amino acid sequence bears no similarity to the small subunit of the E. coli NADPH-GOGAT. In comparison to the Fd-GOGATs in photosynthetic tissues, the NAD(P)H-GOGATsof nongreen tissues have rec ...
... Fd-GOGAT is -42% identical to that of the large subunit of Escherichia coli NADPH-GOGAT however, the maize amino acid sequence bears no similarity to the small subunit of the E. coli NADPH-GOGAT. In comparison to the Fd-GOGATs in photosynthetic tissues, the NAD(P)H-GOGATsof nongreen tissues have rec ...
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules TEKS 9A
... • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. ...
... • Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide energy for cells. • Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure. Polymer (starch) Starch is a polymer of glucose monomers that often has a branched structure. ...
BIOCHEMISTRY
... the living systems, the regulatory mechanisms of chemical conversions and physico-chemical processes in cells, tissues, and organs, the molecular mechanisms of the transfer of genetic information in living organisms, etc. Proteins. Introduction to protein chemistry Proteins (from the Greek proteios, ...
... the living systems, the regulatory mechanisms of chemical conversions and physico-chemical processes in cells, tissues, and organs, the molecular mechanisms of the transfer of genetic information in living organisms, etc. Proteins. Introduction to protein chemistry Proteins (from the Greek proteios, ...
Lesson 3.Carbohydrate Metabolism
... In the cytoplasm, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate using NAD+, where the remaining steps of gluconeogenesis occur. Oxaloacetate is then decarboxylated and phosphorylated to produce phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. One molecule of GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP in the course of t ...
... In the cytoplasm, malate is oxidized to oxaloacetate using NAD+, where the remaining steps of gluconeogenesis occur. Oxaloacetate is then decarboxylated and phosphorylated to produce phosphoenolpyruvate by phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. One molecule of GTP is hydrolyzed to GDP in the course of t ...
The Citric acid cycle
... however, when ribose 5-phosphate is needed (DNA and RNA synthesis) it can be made from the reverse of the transaldolase and transketolase reactions from Fructose-6-PO4 and GAP ...
... however, when ribose 5-phosphate is needed (DNA and RNA synthesis) it can be made from the reverse of the transaldolase and transketolase reactions from Fructose-6-PO4 and GAP ...
Synthetic human prion protein octapeptide repeat binds to the
... (residues 125–228) and an N-terminal disordered tail [7]. The fragment between residues 53 and 85 consists of repeats of the sequence GGGWGQPH and can be defined as an ‘‘octapeptide repeat (OPR) region.’’ This region plays an important role in the physiological function of prion proteins. In a model ...
... (residues 125–228) and an N-terminal disordered tail [7]. The fragment between residues 53 and 85 consists of repeats of the sequence GGGWGQPH and can be defined as an ‘‘octapeptide repeat (OPR) region.’’ This region plays an important role in the physiological function of prion proteins. In a model ...
Cellular respiration
... During their transfer across the mitochondrial membrane, some of their energy is lost. Instead of each NADH+H yielding 3 ATP molecules, during this stage they only produce 2 ATPs. 2ATP ( glycolysis) ...
... During their transfer across the mitochondrial membrane, some of their energy is lost. Instead of each NADH+H yielding 3 ATP molecules, during this stage they only produce 2 ATPs. 2ATP ( glycolysis) ...
2.3 Carbon-Based Molecules
... – Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. – Denaturation occurs when a protein A protein is denatured when it loses its shape and ability to function due to heat, a change in pH, or some ...
... – Incorrect amino acids change a protein’s structure and function. – Denaturation occurs when a protein A protein is denatured when it loses its shape and ability to function due to heat, a change in pH, or some ...
Amino Acid Composition of Enzymatically Hydrolysed Potato Protein
... preparations. Czech J. Food Sci., 32: 265–272. We determine the effects of the technology of obtaining potato protein preparation and of different variants of enzymatic hydrolysis on the chemical and amino acid compositions of the hydrolysates obtained. Potato protein concentrates obtained through t ...
... preparations. Czech J. Food Sci., 32: 265–272. We determine the effects of the technology of obtaining potato protein preparation and of different variants of enzymatic hydrolysis on the chemical and amino acid compositions of the hydrolysates obtained. Potato protein concentrates obtained through t ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... Produces first CO2 and NADH of citric acid cycle via two steps: mechanism 1. Oxidation of 2o alcohol at C2 to a ketone to form oxalosuccinate (betaketo acid), and reduction of NAD+ to NADH 2. Next undergoes b-decarboxylation of carboxylate (beta) to ketone at C2 3. Mn2+ stabilizes enolate O-, which ...
... Produces first CO2 and NADH of citric acid cycle via two steps: mechanism 1. Oxidation of 2o alcohol at C2 to a ketone to form oxalosuccinate (betaketo acid), and reduction of NAD+ to NADH 2. Next undergoes b-decarboxylation of carboxylate (beta) to ketone at C2 3. Mn2+ stabilizes enolate O-, which ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... The oxaloacetate then reacts with acetyl CoA forming the unstable compound, citryl CoA The formation of citryl CoA causes the enzyme to completely close and brings enzyme residues in close contact so that water can hydrolyze off the CoA After desorbing CoA and citrate, the enzyme returns to its open ...
... The oxaloacetate then reacts with acetyl CoA forming the unstable compound, citryl CoA The formation of citryl CoA causes the enzyme to completely close and brings enzyme residues in close contact so that water can hydrolyze off the CoA After desorbing CoA and citrate, the enzyme returns to its open ...
Modifying the chain-length selectivity of the
... former contains Leu instead of Val at the 266th position. A molecular model of BCL docked with saturated fatty acid methyl esters in the tetrahedral intermediate state was built by Pleiss et al. (Pleiss et al., 1998) describing the acyl chain binding by respective amino acids. In BCL, the fatty-acid ...
... former contains Leu instead of Val at the 266th position. A molecular model of BCL docked with saturated fatty acid methyl esters in the tetrahedral intermediate state was built by Pleiss et al. (Pleiss et al., 1998) describing the acyl chain binding by respective amino acids. In BCL, the fatty-acid ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.