Chapter 13 Carbohydrate Metabolism
... FADH2, which are necessary for the reduction of oxygen and ATP synthesis in the electron transport chain. – The citric acid cycle also functions as a source of intermediates for biosynthesis of other important molecules (e.g., some amino acids). • The reactions of the citric acid cycle occur within ...
... FADH2, which are necessary for the reduction of oxygen and ATP synthesis in the electron transport chain. – The citric acid cycle also functions as a source of intermediates for biosynthesis of other important molecules (e.g., some amino acids). • The reactions of the citric acid cycle occur within ...
Glucose
... combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate containing three carboxyls. Two carbon atoms emerged from the cycle as CO2 from the oxidation of isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate. The energy released by these oxidations was conserved in the reduction of three NAD+ and one FAD and the production of one ATP ...
... combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate containing three carboxyls. Two carbon atoms emerged from the cycle as CO2 from the oxidation of isocitrate and α-ketoglutarate. The energy released by these oxidations was conserved in the reduction of three NAD+ and one FAD and the production of one ATP ...
Adipocyte metabolic pathways regulated by diet control
... Adipocyte-specific knockdown shows that these enzymes support early GSC progeny survival. Further, ...
... Adipocyte-specific knockdown shows that these enzymes support early GSC progeny survival. Further, ...
The semi-phosphorylative Entner–Doudoroff pathway in
... (2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate), both yielding GA and pyruvate. At the time the present study was submitted, the archaeal GAD had not yet been identified (however, see the Discussion section). T. tenax is a sulphur-dependent anaerobe that grows optimally at approx. 90 ◦C, pH 5 [23], and was shown to gro ...
... (2-keto-3-deoxygalactonate), both yielding GA and pyruvate. At the time the present study was submitted, the archaeal GAD had not yet been identified (however, see the Discussion section). T. tenax is a sulphur-dependent anaerobe that grows optimally at approx. 90 ◦C, pH 5 [23], and was shown to gro ...
6ppt - UCSD Course Websites
... the Warburg effect is the observation that most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol ...
... the Warburg effect is the observation that most cancer cells predominantly produce energy by a high rate of glycolysis followed by lactic acid fermentation in the cytosol ...
BCH 305
... group. These side chain carboxyl groups are weaker acids than the α‐COOH group, but are sufficiently acidic to exist as ‐COO‐ at neutral pH. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid thus have a net negative charge at pH 7. These negatively charged amino acids play several importa ...
... group. These side chain carboxyl groups are weaker acids than the α‐COOH group, but are sufficiently acidic to exist as ‐COO‐ at neutral pH. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid thus have a net negative charge at pH 7. These negatively charged amino acids play several importa ...
PhoB by Phosphate Stress and Controlled by
... for all manipulations of plasmid and chromosomal DNA. In previous work in which we sequenced the DNA flanking the Tn5B22 insert in RmMSU4, it was determined that the transposon was in the correct orientation for reporting ackA transcription (52). Briefly, total chromosomal DNA was harvested, digeste ...
... for all manipulations of plasmid and chromosomal DNA. In previous work in which we sequenced the DNA flanking the Tn5B22 insert in RmMSU4, it was determined that the transposon was in the correct orientation for reporting ackA transcription (52). Briefly, total chromosomal DNA was harvested, digeste ...
This paper is published in a part-themed issue of Photochemical
... number of future researchers starting the work at his lab.8,9 The light production in fireflies occurs in organs called lanterns that contain specialized photocytes, located between two rows of cells, one thin external and one interior filled with uric acid crystals that reflect the light produced by th ...
... number of future researchers starting the work at his lab.8,9 The light production in fireflies occurs in organs called lanterns that contain specialized photocytes, located between two rows of cells, one thin external and one interior filled with uric acid crystals that reflect the light produced by th ...
Free tyrosine and tyrosine-rich peptide
... to be a portion of neurotoxic region), and VNITIKQHTVTTTT (helix 2, threonine-rich toxic sequence). The key common feature among the Cu-binding sequences in PrPs is the presence of His-residue(s) possibly behaving as the anchors for the copper [9,10]. The neurotoxic threonine-rich region correspondi ...
... to be a portion of neurotoxic region), and VNITIKQHTVTTTT (helix 2, threonine-rich toxic sequence). The key common feature among the Cu-binding sequences in PrPs is the presence of His-residue(s) possibly behaving as the anchors for the copper [9,10]. The neurotoxic threonine-rich region correspondi ...
Fructose 6-Phosphate
... In aerobic conditions pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle where degrades to CO2 and H2O and the energy released during such oxidation is utilized in NADH and FADH2. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA in the matrix of mitochondria. The overall ...
... In aerobic conditions pyruvate is converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA enters citric acid cycle where degrades to CO2 and H2O and the energy released during such oxidation is utilized in NADH and FADH2. Pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA in the matrix of mitochondria. The overall ...
Artifact 1
... Two molecules of 1,3‐biphosphoglycerate are converted to 3‐phosphoglycerate, and the high‐energy phosphate group is added to ADP producing 2 ATP by substrate‐level phosphorylation. The two molecules of 3‐phosphoglycerate are rearranged to form two molecules of 2‐phosphoglycerate; hydrolysis ...
... Two molecules of 1,3‐biphosphoglycerate are converted to 3‐phosphoglycerate, and the high‐energy phosphate group is added to ADP producing 2 ATP by substrate‐level phosphorylation. The two molecules of 3‐phosphoglycerate are rearranged to form two molecules of 2‐phosphoglycerate; hydrolysis ...
The enzymes of biotin dependent CO2 metabolism: What structures
... actual substrate. The second metal ion binds in the active site separately from the other substrates and because its concentration does not change over the course of the reaction, it is considered a pseudosubstrate. In the second half-reaction, the carboxylate group attached to biotin is transferred ...
... actual substrate. The second metal ion binds in the active site separately from the other substrates and because its concentration does not change over the course of the reaction, it is considered a pseudosubstrate. In the second half-reaction, the carboxylate group attached to biotin is transferred ...
488KB - The Doudna Lab - University of California, Berkeley
... perfect substrates from both ends, pro[dsRNA] (µM) [dsRNA] (µM) ducing a mixture of 25- or 26-nt and 11- or 12-nt products from each substrate (Fig. 4e). Figure 3 Kinetic measurements of Dicer surface mutants. (a) Steady-state velocity of wild-type G. intestinalis Dicer as a function of substrate co ...
... perfect substrates from both ends, pro[dsRNA] (µM) [dsRNA] (µM) ducing a mixture of 25- or 26-nt and 11- or 12-nt products from each substrate (Fig. 4e). Figure 3 Kinetic measurements of Dicer surface mutants. (a) Steady-state velocity of wild-type G. intestinalis Dicer as a function of substrate co ...
Tasks for 1stMidtermExam. Introduction. Metabolic Regulation
... A) Green and yellow vegetables (pumpkin, sweet pepper). B) lemon, eggplant, eggs C) melon, pumpkin, milk D) pear, lemon, rose hips ...
... A) Green and yellow vegetables (pumpkin, sweet pepper). B) lemon, eggplant, eggs C) melon, pumpkin, milk D) pear, lemon, rose hips ...
Cloning and Effective Induction of Escherichia coli
... ABSTRACT: The complete PCR-derived DNA fragment containing the structural gene for Escherichia coli nucleoside diphosphate kinase (ndk) gene was cloned into pET-26b, a T7 promoter-based expression vector. After transforming recombinant pET-ndk into the E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS, the expression of ndk ...
... ABSTRACT: The complete PCR-derived DNA fragment containing the structural gene for Escherichia coli nucleoside diphosphate kinase (ndk) gene was cloned into pET-26b, a T7 promoter-based expression vector. After transforming recombinant pET-ndk into the E. coli BL21(DE3) pLysS, the expression of ndk ...
The effect of different amino acid side chains on the stereospecificity
... catalysed will depend on whether the amino acid R-group, αcarboxylate or α-proton is orthogonal to the plane of the iminecofactor π-electron system. Therefore the stereospecificity of the exchange of the α-protons of - and - amino acids or of the pro2R or pro-2S protons of glycine will depend on h ...
... catalysed will depend on whether the amino acid R-group, αcarboxylate or α-proton is orthogonal to the plane of the iminecofactor π-electron system. Therefore the stereospecificity of the exchange of the α-protons of - and - amino acids or of the pro2R or pro-2S protons of glycine will depend on h ...
CHEM 2212 - Organic Chemistry II – Session B
... concentrated into such a small amount of time will keep you from forgetting material from one week to the next. However, constant studying and working problems is the key to your success here. ...
... concentrated into such a small amount of time will keep you from forgetting material from one week to the next. However, constant studying and working problems is the key to your success here. ...
Mitochondrial Inputs - School of Applied Physiology
... mitochondria and NADH/H+ driven conversion to lactate ...
... mitochondria and NADH/H+ driven conversion to lactate ...
Glucose
... - The coenzyme of cytoplasmic glycerol-3- phosphate dehydrogenase is NAD+. - The coenzyme of mitochodrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydogenase is ...
... - The coenzyme of cytoplasmic glycerol-3- phosphate dehydrogenase is NAD+. - The coenzyme of mitochodrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydogenase is ...
Gluconeogenesis • The biosynthesis of glucose
... • The process of removing a glucose molecule from glycogen is glycogenolysis • Removal of a glucose (cleavage reaction) occurs via phosphorolysis: -the cleavage of a bond by Pi • This is analogous to hydrolysis (like what occurs in saliva for breakdown of starch), but not quite as simple ...
... • The process of removing a glucose molecule from glycogen is glycogenolysis • Removal of a glucose (cleavage reaction) occurs via phosphorolysis: -the cleavage of a bond by Pi • This is analogous to hydrolysis (like what occurs in saliva for breakdown of starch), but not quite as simple ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.