Characterization of the regulatory function of the 46
... to ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase. This enzyme then reduces the thioredoxins, which reduce and thereby activate or inactivate their target metabolic enzymes. With the elucidation of the 3-dimensional structures of ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase, thioredoxins, and two target enzymes, FBPase and N ...
... to ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase. This enzyme then reduces the thioredoxins, which reduce and thereby activate or inactivate their target metabolic enzymes. With the elucidation of the 3-dimensional structures of ferredoxin:thioredoxin reductase, thioredoxins, and two target enzymes, FBPase and N ...
Oxidation of Carbohydrate
... ATP-PCr System • Phosphocreatine (PCr): ATP recycling – PCr + creatine kinase Cr + Pi + energy – PCr energy cannot be used for cellular work – PCr energy can be used to reassemble ATP ...
... ATP-PCr System • Phosphocreatine (PCr): ATP recycling – PCr + creatine kinase Cr + Pi + energy – PCr energy cannot be used for cellular work – PCr energy can be used to reassemble ATP ...
Translation tRNA is a link between the mRNA and the polypeptide
... Protein folding. The polypeptide is inactive until it is folded into its correct tertiary structure. In cells folding is aide by molecular chaperones. In E. coli, the chaperones are divided into 2 groups: The Hsp70 chaperones, which include proteins called Hsp70,coded by dnaK gene, and Hsp40 coded b ...
... Protein folding. The polypeptide is inactive until it is folded into its correct tertiary structure. In cells folding is aide by molecular chaperones. In E. coli, the chaperones are divided into 2 groups: The Hsp70 chaperones, which include proteins called Hsp70,coded by dnaK gene, and Hsp40 coded b ...
Tuning Biphenyl Dioxygenase for Extended Substrate Specificity
... vector. However, screening of approximately 24,000 transformant did not result in the identification of clones with enhanced activity toward 4,4⬘-CB. In principle, a single point mutation (T-to-A transversion) at position 1006 would have changed a phenylalanine residue at position 336 into isoleucin ...
... vector. However, screening of approximately 24,000 transformant did not result in the identification of clones with enhanced activity toward 4,4⬘-CB. In principle, a single point mutation (T-to-A transversion) at position 1006 would have changed a phenylalanine residue at position 336 into isoleucin ...
Biochemistry –Second year, Coll
... The next note is who the human body deals with the products of the metabolized TG; the fatty acids and glycerol. The fatty acids formed in adipocytes are either reuesd again in adipocytes(intraadipocytes) for the synthesis of new molecules of TG(lipogenesis) as the two pathways of liogenesis and lip ...
... The next note is who the human body deals with the products of the metabolized TG; the fatty acids and glycerol. The fatty acids formed in adipocytes are either reuesd again in adipocytes(intraadipocytes) for the synthesis of new molecules of TG(lipogenesis) as the two pathways of liogenesis and lip ...
Contrasting C3, C4 and CAM Photosynthesis
... (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase), but it is important to remember that this is not a net fixation of CO2 – regenerating the substrate, PEP, of this reaction entails the loss of the CO2. ...
... (phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase), but it is important to remember that this is not a net fixation of CO2 – regenerating the substrate, PEP, of this reaction entails the loss of the CO2. ...
On the Nucleotide Sequence of Yeast Tyrosine Transfer RNA
... dimensional structure of the molecule. Since ~ is found only in the lower and right-hand loops, there may be an enzyme that converts U to in the lower loop and another enzyme that does the right-hand loop (or the same enzyme might work on both loops). In either case the ~ in the tyrosine anticodon m ...
... dimensional structure of the molecule. Since ~ is found only in the lower and right-hand loops, there may be an enzyme that converts U to in the lower loop and another enzyme that does the right-hand loop (or the same enzyme might work on both loops). In either case the ~ in the tyrosine anticodon m ...
ATP - IS MU
... The ΔG of a reaction depends on the nature of the reactants (expressed by the ΔGº term) and on their concentrations (expressed by the second term). ...
... The ΔG of a reaction depends on the nature of the reactants (expressed by the ΔGº term) and on their concentrations (expressed by the second term). ...
Biochemistry Lecture 16
... • 2 C’s leave as CO2 (not same 2 C’s that entered) • 4 redox rxn’s – 3 NAD+ 3 NADH; 1 FAD FADH2 • Where will these go? ...
... • 2 C’s leave as CO2 (not same 2 C’s that entered) • 4 redox rxn’s – 3 NAD+ 3 NADH; 1 FAD FADH2 • Where will these go? ...
Lab 5 Sugar Fermentation in Yeast
... energy stored in ATP can then be used to perform cellular work: provide energy for biosynthetic reactions (e.g. growth and repair processes, active transport, etc.). All organisms (i.e. monerans, protists, fungi, plants, and animals) utilize aerobic respiration and/or fermentation (anaerobic respira ...
... energy stored in ATP can then be used to perform cellular work: provide energy for biosynthetic reactions (e.g. growth and repair processes, active transport, etc.). All organisms (i.e. monerans, protists, fungi, plants, and animals) utilize aerobic respiration and/or fermentation (anaerobic respira ...
Chapter 26:Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
... Most enzymes are specific for substrates while enzymes involved in digestion such as papain attack many substrates ...
... Most enzymes are specific for substrates while enzymes involved in digestion such as papain attack many substrates ...
Biochemical studies of enzymes in insect cuticle hardening
... and the pathway of insect taurine biosynthesis. Cysteine was found to be an inactivator of several PLP-dependent decarboxylases, such as ADC, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and CSADC. This study helps to understand symptoms associated with the abnormal cysteine concentrations in several neurodegener ...
... and the pathway of insect taurine biosynthesis. Cysteine was found to be an inactivator of several PLP-dependent decarboxylases, such as ADC, glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) and CSADC. This study helps to understand symptoms associated with the abnormal cysteine concentrations in several neurodegener ...
Strong, Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bonds May Be Available to Enzymes
... nzymes are remarkably efficient catalysts, notable for causing rate enhancements of up to 1026-fold with great specificity under gentle conditions.1 In the early days of enzymology, it was frequently assumed that there must exist some unknown physiochemical phenomenon that was making a large contributi ...
... nzymes are remarkably efficient catalysts, notable for causing rate enhancements of up to 1026-fold with great specificity under gentle conditions.1 In the early days of enzymology, it was frequently assumed that there must exist some unknown physiochemical phenomenon that was making a large contributi ...
State of the Art Manufacturing of Protein Hydrolysates
... Alkaline hydrolysis is a fairly simple and straightforward process; first the protein is solubilized by heating followed by the addition of alkaline agents like calcium, sodium or potassium hydroxide and maintaining the temperature to a desired set point (typical range 80–130°F). The hydrolysis will ...
... Alkaline hydrolysis is a fairly simple and straightforward process; first the protein is solubilized by heating followed by the addition of alkaline agents like calcium, sodium or potassium hydroxide and maintaining the temperature to a desired set point (typical range 80–130°F). The hydrolysis will ...
Fatty Acid Catabolism
... triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides. Lipases are specific for the triacylglycerols, whereas the phospholipases (A1, A2, B, C & D) digest the phosphoglycerides. Cerebrosidases and Gangliosidases hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of the glycosphingolipids and Ceramidase hydrolyzes the amide bond betw ...
... triacylglycerols and phosphoglycerides. Lipases are specific for the triacylglycerols, whereas the phospholipases (A1, A2, B, C & D) digest the phosphoglycerides. Cerebrosidases and Gangliosidases hydrolyze the glycosidic bonds of the glycosphingolipids and Ceramidase hydrolyzes the amide bond betw ...
Bacterial Physiology and Metabolism
... sulfur bacteria inhabit the sediments of upwelling areas characterized by high sediment concentrations of soluble sulfide, and low levels of dissolved oxygen. The ecological implication of nitrate ammonification is that nitrogen is conserved within the ecosystem. Thiomargarita namibiensis is another ...
... sulfur bacteria inhabit the sediments of upwelling areas characterized by high sediment concentrations of soluble sulfide, and low levels of dissolved oxygen. The ecological implication of nitrate ammonification is that nitrogen is conserved within the ecosystem. Thiomargarita namibiensis is another ...
J24077086
... working on the flavouring components of kelp.The specific taste of the kelp preparations, kombu and katsuobushi, is traditionally very popular with the Japanese1-12.Although we are studying only about 20 amino acids, there are about six more found in the body”. Many others are also known from a vari ...
... working on the flavouring components of kelp.The specific taste of the kelp preparations, kombu and katsuobushi, is traditionally very popular with the Japanese1-12.Although we are studying only about 20 amino acids, there are about six more found in the body”. Many others are also known from a vari ...
Fritz Lipmann - Nobel Lecture
... Fig. 3. Acetyl phosphate as acetyl and phosphoryl donor. there towards a general concept of transfer of activated groupings by carrier as the fundamental reaction in biosynthesis8,9. Although in the related manner the appearance of acetyl phosphate as a metabolic intermediary first focussed attentio ...
... Fig. 3. Acetyl phosphate as acetyl and phosphoryl donor. there towards a general concept of transfer of activated groupings by carrier as the fundamental reaction in biosynthesis8,9. Although in the related manner the appearance of acetyl phosphate as a metabolic intermediary first focussed attentio ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.