Problems
... h. a reaction involving a phosphoryl transfer from phosphoenolpyruvate i. a reaction that is used in the reverse pathway 2. Consider the structure of inorganic phosphate (Pi) a. Does Pi act as a nucleophile or electrophile in biochemical reactions? b. Briefly explain your answer for part a (15 words ...
... h. a reaction involving a phosphoryl transfer from phosphoenolpyruvate i. a reaction that is used in the reverse pathway 2. Consider the structure of inorganic phosphate (Pi) a. Does Pi act as a nucleophile or electrophile in biochemical reactions? b. Briefly explain your answer for part a (15 words ...
Cell Metabolism - Florida International University
... Reactions take place at a certain rate. The body carefully controls the rate of metabolic reactions. Rate of reactions can be changed by using catalysts. 1) Catalysts speed up the rate of metabolic reactions. 2) Enzymes are catalysts for the body. ...
... Reactions take place at a certain rate. The body carefully controls the rate of metabolic reactions. Rate of reactions can be changed by using catalysts. 1) Catalysts speed up the rate of metabolic reactions. 2) Enzymes are catalysts for the body. ...
Enzyme Substrate Interactions Identification of Enzyme Catalytic Site
... called as the active site. This consists of a substrate binding site and the catalytic site. • The active site is usually a cleft or pocket created by the unique tertiary structure of the enzyme protein • Enzyme specificity is due to specificity of substrate binding driven by substrate and enzyme 3D ...
... called as the active site. This consists of a substrate binding site and the catalytic site. • The active site is usually a cleft or pocket created by the unique tertiary structure of the enzyme protein • Enzyme specificity is due to specificity of substrate binding driven by substrate and enzyme 3D ...
Core Topic 2: Molecular biology 21 hours Essential idea: Living
... Nature of science: Looking for patterns, trends and discrepancies—most but not all organisms assemble proteins from the same amino acids. (3.1) Understandings: Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides. There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ...
... Nature of science: Looking for patterns, trends and discrepancies—most but not all organisms assemble proteins from the same amino acids. (3.1) Understandings: Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides. There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ...
Chapter 6 Answers Energy and Life Visual Understanding Figure
... 1. You eat a hamburger. Salivary amylase begins to digest the carbohydrates in the bun while you are still chewing. Pepsin works in your stomach to digest the protein, and trypsin is active in your small intestine to break the bonds between specific amino acids. How does the optimum pH for pepsin an ...
... 1. You eat a hamburger. Salivary amylase begins to digest the carbohydrates in the bun while you are still chewing. Pepsin works in your stomach to digest the protein, and trypsin is active in your small intestine to break the bonds between specific amino acids. How does the optimum pH for pepsin an ...
PPT_Biochemistry_Short_Course
... the properties of water and biological molecules such as proteins • Allows blood (mostly H2O) to absorb and transport a large amount of nutrients • DNA’s alpha helix shape is due to hydrogen bonds between strands ...
... the properties of water and biological molecules such as proteins • Allows blood (mostly H2O) to absorb and transport a large amount of nutrients • DNA’s alpha helix shape is due to hydrogen bonds between strands ...
MC 2
... which is the ability of water molecules to rise up a narrow tube. Vascular plants, which include nearly all the plants important to animal life, depend on capillary action to lift water from the soil and roots to leaves, flowers, and fruits. 2. Coenzymes and cofactors do not act as enzymes by themse ...
... which is the ability of water molecules to rise up a narrow tube. Vascular plants, which include nearly all the plants important to animal life, depend on capillary action to lift water from the soil and roots to leaves, flowers, and fruits. 2. Coenzymes and cofactors do not act as enzymes by themse ...
Free Energy and Metabolism
... – Each enzyme has an ______________________ in which it can function – Each enzyme has an _________________ in which it can function • Cofactors – ________________ are nonprotein enzyme helpers – Cofactors may be inorganic (such as a metal in ionic form) or organic – An organic cofactor is called a ...
... – Each enzyme has an ______________________ in which it can function – Each enzyme has an _________________ in which it can function • Cofactors – ________________ are nonprotein enzyme helpers – Cofactors may be inorganic (such as a metal in ionic form) or organic – An organic cofactor is called a ...
Carbs and Lipids Review
... 28. How many different amino acids are there? ___________________________________ 29. What part of the amino acid varies from one amino acid to another? ____________ 30. What determines the shape and function of a protein? _________________________ ...
... 28. How many different amino acids are there? ___________________________________ 29. What part of the amino acid varies from one amino acid to another? ____________ 30. What determines the shape and function of a protein? _________________________ ...
Biomolecule exam review
... based, meaning they all contain carbon. They are formed from just a few elements which join together to form small molecules which join together, or bond, to form large molecules. The third characteristic of all organic molecules is that each is kind of organic molecule is built from a single type o ...
... based, meaning they all contain carbon. They are formed from just a few elements which join together to form small molecules which join together, or bond, to form large molecules. The third characteristic of all organic molecules is that each is kind of organic molecule is built from a single type o ...
Dextran and Fructose production using Leuconostoc mesenteroides
... Batch fermentations were carried out for sucrose concentration in the range 10 to 120g/l, temperatures from 20 to 40ºC, pH of 6.9 (optimum pH for strain growth) and 5.5 (for mimizing loss of enzyme activity) and aeration rate of 0.05 vvm. Fed-batch fermenations were carried out with different start- ...
... Batch fermentations were carried out for sucrose concentration in the range 10 to 120g/l, temperatures from 20 to 40ºC, pH of 6.9 (optimum pH for strain growth) and 5.5 (for mimizing loss of enzyme activity) and aeration rate of 0.05 vvm. Fed-batch fermenations were carried out with different start- ...
Chapter 21
... - At low T, enzyme shows little activity (not an enough amount of energy for the catalyzed reaction). - At very high T, enzyme is destroyed (tertiary structure is denatured). - Optimum temperature: 37°C or body temperature. ...
... - At low T, enzyme shows little activity (not an enough amount of energy for the catalyzed reaction). - At very high T, enzyme is destroyed (tertiary structure is denatured). - Optimum temperature: 37°C or body temperature. ...
Protein Unit Study Guide/Review Sheets
... 43. Explain what happens to this enzyme’s activity at 55 degrees AND WHY: THE ENZYME STOPS WORKING BECAUSE IT IS TOO FAR AWAY FROM ITS OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE OF 40; IT MAY BE DENATURED, WHICH MEANS ITS SHAPE HAS BEEN CHANGED; SINCE ENZYME FUNCTION DEPENDS SO MUCH ON SHAPE, IF ITS SHAPE IS CHANGED, IT C ...
... 43. Explain what happens to this enzyme’s activity at 55 degrees AND WHY: THE ENZYME STOPS WORKING BECAUSE IT IS TOO FAR AWAY FROM ITS OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE OF 40; IT MAY BE DENATURED, WHICH MEANS ITS SHAPE HAS BEEN CHANGED; SINCE ENZYME FUNCTION DEPENDS SO MUCH ON SHAPE, IF ITS SHAPE IS CHANGED, IT C ...
Chapter 6: Metabolism and Energy
... Permit temporary associations with the molecules that are reacting Lower activation energy required for new bonds to form Bring two substrates together in the correct orientation Stress particular bonds of a substrate Example: formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water Reaction proceed ...
... Permit temporary associations with the molecules that are reacting Lower activation energy required for new bonds to form Bring two substrates together in the correct orientation Stress particular bonds of a substrate Example: formation of carbonic acid from carbon dioxide and water Reaction proceed ...
STUMBLING UPON ACTIVE TRANSPORT
... During the 1950s many researchers around the world were actively investigating the physiology of the cell membrane, which plays a role in a number of biological processes. It was well known that the concentration of many ions differs inside and outside the cell. For example, the cell maintains a low ...
... During the 1950s many researchers around the world were actively investigating the physiology of the cell membrane, which plays a role in a number of biological processes. It was well known that the concentration of many ions differs inside and outside the cell. For example, the cell maintains a low ...
Enzymes: Introduction notes
... – Enzymes generally change the pathways by which reactions occur. – Rate enhancement (factor by which enzyme increases the rate of a reaction) is determined by ∆∆G‡, the decrease in ∆G‡ brought about by enzyme compared with uncatalyzed reaction's ∆G‡. ...
... – Enzymes generally change the pathways by which reactions occur. – Rate enhancement (factor by which enzyme increases the rate of a reaction) is determined by ∆∆G‡, the decrease in ∆G‡ brought about by enzyme compared with uncatalyzed reaction's ∆G‡. ...
Biochemical Markers
... • As indicators of enzyme activity or conc. in body fluids (serum, urine) in the diagnosis/prognosis of a disease • As analytical reagents in measuring activity of other enzymes or compounds in body fluids • As therapeutic agents ...
... • As indicators of enzyme activity or conc. in body fluids (serum, urine) in the diagnosis/prognosis of a disease • As analytical reagents in measuring activity of other enzymes or compounds in body fluids • As therapeutic agents ...
Review for Chapter 1
... Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment What gives water its unique properties? What are water’s unique properties that allow for life on Earth and what causes them? What makes a water molecule polar? What types of particles would attract to each side of a water molecule? What makes a mo ...
... Chapter 3: Water and the Fitness of the Environment What gives water its unique properties? What are water’s unique properties that allow for life on Earth and what causes them? What makes a water molecule polar? What types of particles would attract to each side of a water molecule? What makes a mo ...
THE CHEMISTRY OF LIFE
... sequence of amino acids and the shape of the chain are a consequence of attractions between the chain’s parts. ...
... sequence of amino acids and the shape of the chain are a consequence of attractions between the chain’s parts. ...
II. Lipids
... Hormones (not all are proteins): _insulin__: regulates glucose levels in blood stream Enzymes: _amylase, catalase, maltase__:biological catalysts, increase rates of reactions “ase” = enzyme = protein ...
... Hormones (not all are proteins): _insulin__: regulates glucose levels in blood stream Enzymes: _amylase, catalase, maltase__:biological catalysts, increase rates of reactions “ase” = enzyme = protein ...
MedBiochem Exam For each of the following questions, choose the
... 21. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is regulated by covalent modification. Which of the following causes an INCREASE in the level of phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)? A. coenzyme A B. thiamine pyrophosphate C. NADH D. insulin E. lipoic acid 22. All of the followin ...
... 21. The conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA is regulated by covalent modification. Which of the following causes an INCREASE in the level of phosphorylation of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)? A. coenzyme A B. thiamine pyrophosphate C. NADH D. insulin E. lipoic acid 22. All of the followin ...
Enzyme
Enzymes /ˈɛnzaɪmz/ are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process are called substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life. The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The study of enzymes is called enzymology.Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their unique three-dimensional structures.Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster. An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.Some enzymes are used commercially, for example, in the synthesis of antibiotics. Some household products use enzymes to speed up chemical reactions: enzymes in biological washing powders break down protein, starch or fat stains on clothes, and enzymes in meat tenderizer break down proteins into smaller molecules, making the meat easier to chew.