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j.1600-0706.2011.19859.x
j.1600-0706.2011.19859.x

... by competitors (Cerdá and Retana 1998, Brown 1999, Dahbi et al. 2008) predators (LaMon and Topoff 1981, Droual 1984) to reduce the parasitic load (Droual 1984, Gordon 1992, McGlynn et al. 2004) or to be near available food resources (Mabelis 1979, Maschwitz and Hänel 1985). Even though the proximate ...
Fire Ants - McDaniel Pest Control
Fire Ants - McDaniel Pest Control

... egg  stage.  The  eggs  hatch  into  white,  legless  larvae  that  then  transform  into  pupae   before  becoming  adult  workers  or  reproductives.     Reproductive  swarms  of  virgin  queens  and  males  occur  during  the  spring ...
Ants, Bees, Wasps and the Majority of Insect Parasitoids.
Ants, Bees, Wasps and the Majority of Insect Parasitoids.

... paralyzes its host without killing it. ...
Zootaxa, A new social parasite in the ant genus Ectatomma
Zootaxa, A new social parasite in the ant genus Ectatomma

Enemies of bees
Enemies of bees

... Like all living beings, the honeybeeis subject to attack at all stages of its development by various enemies acting either directly as predators, or indirectly, by disturbing thelife of the colony in various ways. The most important of these enemies are those that destroy the combs, the stores, the ...
The Red Imported Fire Ant in California
The Red Imported Fire Ant in California

Raspberry Pollinators and Visitors: Focus on Bees
Raspberry Pollinators and Visitors: Focus on Bees

... of time, which increases pollination success. Bees of the family Apidae, subfamily Apinae, including honey bees and bumble bees, have pollen baskets on their hind legs. The bee moistens the pollen with nectar and packs it in the pollen basket for transport (red circle). This feature can help disting ...
(Pilosa, Myrmecophagidae) REGARDING THE TERMITE DEFENSE
(Pilosa, Myrmecophagidae) REGARDING THE TERMITE DEFENSE

... mammals in the Cerrado biome. They are specialized in eating termites (Isoptera, Blattaria) and ants (Formicidae, Hymenoptera). This study tested the preference of the giant anteater for termites with different defense strategies: 1) soldier with chemical defense and a soft nest (Nasutitermes), and ...
tap patiently, hit safely: a preying tactic of the White Woodpecker on
tap patiently, hit safely: a preying tactic of the White Woodpecker on

... finally fled away only to return instants later and resume its branch tapping. When it was about 1 m from the nest the bird began to climb slowly but steadily upwards while tapping continuously (Figure 2c), a behaviour that likely caused the wasps to retreat to the nest top or flee away deserting th ...
I made observations on liptenine biology from July 1986 to March
I made observations on liptenine biology from July 1986 to March

... the forest. Adults did not flex their wings when landing, although they lowered their wings to push ants away when feeding. Males have a slightly faster flight than Pentila. Females, when searching for oviposition sites, resembled a small white pierid, Leptosia, which is very common in the same wood ...
Poster Tips and Tricks Print this page for reference
Poster Tips and Tricks Print this page for reference

Colony–colony interactions between highly invasive ants
Colony–colony interactions between highly invasive ants

... (Guisan & Thuiller, 2005). Therefore it is important to investigate whether a single top dominant ant species may ultimately prevail, displacing other aggressive, yet less competitive invasive species. Classically, species interactions have been investigated in community studies, using pitfall traps ...
Pheromone signalling in conservation
Pheromone signalling in conservation

... include its broad diet and availability of molluscan prey (adults eat mainly exotic dreissenids), aggressiveness, high fecundity, iteroparity (females may spawn up to six times per year; it is speculated that males die after a single reproductive season), and male parental care (MacInnis and Corkum, ...
s39_pp - Corn Mazes America
s39_pp - Corn Mazes America

Agriculture_Frederickson
Agriculture_Frederickson

... tree will have many of these small holes with ants nesting in it. Um, and there can be many hundreds of trees in one devil’s garden. So the an-ant colony in, in one devil’s garden is often very large, sometimes several million workers. And so these workers, they, they, um, live inside this one tree ...
Hardy Weinberg Equiibrium with more than 2 alleles
Hardy Weinberg Equiibrium with more than 2 alleles

... result of all these biochemical interactions in building a brain can result in an organism with one version of an allele behaving somewhat differently from an individual with a different version. ...
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... Abstract – Social bee – food plant relationships have been studied extensively, especially in the Neotropics. This is, however, the first quantitative comparison and review of a large set (28) of studies. Patterns in social bee richness, niche breadth and associations between social bee taxa could b ...
Association among wasps` colonies, ants and
Association among wasps` colonies, ants and

... Silveira et al. (2008) reported a nest colony of the bird Cacicus cela (Linnaeus, 1758), known as Yellow-rumped Cacique (Passeriformes: Icteridae) close to a Polybia rejecta wasp nest in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve, in Central Brazilian Amazon and Robinson (1985) reported nests of C ...
Chapter 16 Kin selection (in class version)
Chapter 16 Kin selection (in class version)

... repeatedly because they are long-lived and form groups, and also when individuals have good memories. ...
Coevolution
Coevolution

... – Guppies grow fastest before they begin reproduction. Larger guppies produce bigger broods of young. – He hypothesized that if there was a high risk of predation early on, but that risk disappeared later in life, then larger individuals and delayed reproduction should be favored, because by delayin ...
Hardy Weinberg Equiibrium with more than 2 alleles
Hardy Weinberg Equiibrium with more than 2 alleles

Queen number influences the timing of the sexual production in
Queen number influences the timing of the sexual production in

maternal care in the neotropical harvestman bourguyia albiornata
maternal care in the neotropical harvestman bourguyia albiornata

Forest clear-cutting causes small workers in the polydomous
Forest clear-cutting causes small workers in the polydomous

... and larval growth (Brian 1983), whereas carbohydrates (e.g. honeydew of aphids) are used as an energy source for adult workers. Thus, carbohydrates may have an indirect, but important role in the production of offspring (Porter 1989). Food resources are involved with caste determination and size var ...
FISH 312: Fisheries Ecology
FISH 312: Fisheries Ecology

... Density-independent mortality: Some forms of mortality do not vary with density but result from physical factors that operate without regard to density. However, even some of these factors (freezing, flooding, high temperatures) may interact with density. For example, at high densities, some organis ...
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Eusociality



Eusociality (Greek eu: ""good/real"" + ""social""), the highest level of organization of animal sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including brood care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labour into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. The division of labor creates specialized behavioral groups within an animal society which are sometimes called castes. Eusociality is distinguished from all other social systems because individuals of at least one caste usually lose the ability to perform at least one behavior characteristic of individuals in another caste.Eusociality exists in certain insects, crustaceans and possibly mammals. It is mostly observed and studied in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) and in the termites. For example, a colony has caste differences; queens and reproductive males take the roles as the sole reproducers while the soldiers and workers work together to create a living situation favorable for the brood. In addition to Hymenoptera and Isoptera, there are two known eusocial vertebrates from the order Rodentia, which includes the naked mole-rat and the Damaraland mole-rat. Most of the individuals cooperatively care for the brood of a single reproductive female (the queen) to which they are most likely related. Some shrimps such as Synalpheus regalis are also eusocial.Several other levels of animal sociality have been distinguished. These include presocial (solitary but social), subsocial, and parasocial (including communal, quasisocial, and semisocial).
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