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Ecology of Philodryas nattereri in the Brazilian semi
Ecology of Philodryas nattereri in the Brazilian semi

... day (between 1100 and 1259, see Fig. 2). We recorded information on substrate use for 74 individuals. Of these, 73% (n=54) were found on the ground (including road killed individuals), 21.6% (n=16) were above the ground (including rooftops), and 5.4% (n=4) were underground. At least four of the indi ...
It may differ from final published v
It may differ from final published v

... traits, we can start looking at how they apply to colonial individuals such as eusocial insects and the community they take part in. Many colonies seem to maintain some sort of emergent equilibrium state. Colonial insects such as ants, wasps, bees, and termites can foster what Wilson refers to as “s ...
Can alloethism in workers of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, be
Can alloethism in workers of the bumblebee, Bombus terrestris, be

... foraging compared to those that remain in the nest, and confirmed that it is the larger bees that tend to forage (XSE thorax widths 4.340.01 mm for nest bees and 4.930.02 mm for foragers). We then investigated whether large bees are better suited to foraging because they are able to transport hea ...
The adaptive significance of phasic colony cycles in army ants
The adaptive significance of phasic colony cycles in army ants

Behavioural and physiological traits to thermal stress tolerance in
Behavioural and physiological traits to thermal stress tolerance in

... of food resources, monopolizes most of the food © 2001 Sociedad Española de Etología ...
Life history adaptations to seasonality - BORA
Life history adaptations to seasonality - BORA

... of harvested resources (Law and Grey 1989), biodiversity (Dieckmann and Ferrière 2004), population dynamics (Saether et al. 2005), and phenological responses to environmental change (Visser and Both 2005). Studies of life histories are much driven by theory developed from models in addition to empir ...
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The German Yellowjacket (Vespula germanica) Problem in

Chapter - WordPress.com
Chapter - WordPress.com

... negatively affects the fitness of another • Competition for resources can increase with the size of a group ...
Global Pollinator Decline: A Literature Review - GRID
Global Pollinator Decline: A Literature Review - GRID

... 22 Bailey L (1983) Melissococcus pluton, the cause of European foulbrood of honey bees (Apis spp.). J Appl Bacteriol 55: 65–69. 23 Ashiralieva A, Genersch E (2006) Reclassifi cation, genotypes and virulence of Paenibacillus larvae, the etiological agent of American foulbrood in honeybees - a review. ...
Complexity in vertebrate societies
Complexity in vertebrate societies

... Individuals are the preeminent vehicles for selection. Yet individuals consist of a collection of genes, the physical elements of evolution. Does the transition from selfish gene to individual genome provide lessons for higher-order phenomena, in particular the relationship between the individual an ...
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Chapter 12 Alcock (Animal Behavior)

... has to affect the offspring’s survival. • Barnacles produce many thousands of eggs which are shed into the water and drift away. They develop into larvae and one day settle permanently on a fixed substrate. Barnacles are sessile and can do nothing to actively assist their young. Not surprisingly, ba ...
Euglossine Orchid Bee`s Evolution
Euglossine Orchid Bee`s Evolution

... Hinojosa-Diaz, I. A., T. P. Feria-Arroyo, and M. S. Engel. 2009. Potential distribution of orchid bees outside their native range: the cases of Eulema poychroma (Mocsary) and Euglossa viridissima Friese in the USA (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Diversity and ...
Ants of Fraser Island
Ants of Fraser Island

... they displace and do not disperse large seeds and sometimes no seeds at all. Some invasive ants such as Fire Ants are a serious pest to humans. The success of invasive ant species varies between locations according to environmental and biotic factors including which native species are present. There ...
Arboreal Ants Use the ``VelcroH Principle`` to Capture Very Large Prey
Arboreal Ants Use the ``VelcroH Principle`` to Capture Very Large Prey

... Plant-ants live in a mutualistic association with host plants known as ‘‘myrmecophytes’’ that provide them with a nesting place and sometimes with extra-floral nectar (EFN) and/or food bodies (FBs); the ants can also attend sap-sucking Hemiptera for their honeydew. In return, plant-ants, like most o ...
The role of competitive dominance in the invasive ability of the
The role of competitive dominance in the invasive ability of the

Consulta: subjectFacets:"Clutch size" Registros recuperados: 7 Data
Consulta: subjectFacets:"Clutch size" Registros recuperados: 7 Data

... Autores: Janeiro-Cinquini,Thélia Rosana Forte. The relationship between female body size and egg number was examined in the snake Bothrops jararaca (Wied, 1924). Some authors have demonstrated that the estimated clutch size may be affected by the inclusion or exclusion of dead neonates or non-develo ...
Herding humans: How people are like guppies
Herding humans: How people are like guppies

... In human societies, herding often involves people using the actions of others as a guide to sensible behavior, instead of independently seeking out high-quality information about the likely outcomes of these actions. Herding can be particularly destructive in market contexts, because blind faith in ...
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use. Not for
Provided for non-commercial research and educational use. Not for

... extreme case of quasi-altruism (worker females give up reproduction and raise their mother’s offspring). This occurs most commonly in the Hymenoptera (bees, wasps, ants), and is probably the result of their haplodiploid chromosomal organization where males have single chromosome copies and develop p ...
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The importance of bees and other insect

... Biodiversity is the number of different plant and animal species in an area. Without bees and pollinating insects, there would be no flowering plants and no life on earth as we know it. The reproduction of plants at its simplest is vegetative reproduction – a new tree develops from a root shoot or c ...
Social Evolution and Inclusive Fitness Theory: An Introduction
Social Evolution and Inclusive Fitness Theory: An Introduction

... in a much more “deliberate” manner, however. Examples of such social behaviors abound in the natural world. Quite possibly the most well-known examples are among the social insects, considered by Darwin himself [Darwin, 1859]. In these insect species, reproductive division of labor is observed, with ...
Extreme life history plasticity and the evolution
Extreme life history plasticity and the evolution

... the location was marked and the distance to the nearest anthropogenic disturbance was determined using satellite imagery. The nest location then served as the focal point for a 9 by 9 ft sampling plot. Each plot was first examined for T. sessile trailing activity from the discovered nest. Any trails ...
Spring 2003 content final
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... their great capacity for invasion. The success of social insects across a wide variety of habitats is largely derived from the added flexibility their sociality allows them. Such flexibility is extremely beneficial to new invaders “that must quickly learn about, exploit and respond to new resources ...
The male has done his work — the male may go
The male has done his work — the male may go

... overnight in their natal nests, where they feed on nectar and insect prey provided by workers [47]. In other species, males are not allowed to return after they have left their colony (e.g., [9,35]). They defend sites that likely are visited by females or patrol their flight routes [24,48,49] and ...
Practicals (19.5h) Exercises (13h)
Practicals (19.5h) Exercises (13h)

Ecology Connections 5. GUILDS One reason ecologists study
Ecology Connections 5. GUILDS One reason ecologists study

... 3) Small saplings and their new shoots: Small saplings become available when seedlings grow into saplings. New shoots grow from the base of these small saplings when they are eaten by herbivores. The saplings and new shoots occur at high densities but produce fewer swollen thorns and leaves than lar ...
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Eusociality



Eusociality (Greek eu: ""good/real"" + ""social""), the highest level of organization of animal sociality, is defined by the following characteristics: cooperative brood care (including brood care of offspring from other individuals), overlapping generations within a colony of adults, and a division of labour into reproductive and non-reproductive groups. The division of labor creates specialized behavioral groups within an animal society which are sometimes called castes. Eusociality is distinguished from all other social systems because individuals of at least one caste usually lose the ability to perform at least one behavior characteristic of individuals in another caste.Eusociality exists in certain insects, crustaceans and possibly mammals. It is mostly observed and studied in the Hymenoptera (ants, bees, and wasps) and in the termites. For example, a colony has caste differences; queens and reproductive males take the roles as the sole reproducers while the soldiers and workers work together to create a living situation favorable for the brood. In addition to Hymenoptera and Isoptera, there are two known eusocial vertebrates from the order Rodentia, which includes the naked mole-rat and the Damaraland mole-rat. Most of the individuals cooperatively care for the brood of a single reproductive female (the queen) to which they are most likely related. Some shrimps such as Synalpheus regalis are also eusocial.Several other levels of animal sociality have been distinguished. These include presocial (solitary but social), subsocial, and parasocial (including communal, quasisocial, and semisocial).
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