Nutrients - Saint Mary's College of California
... Digestion of Carbohydrates • Three enzymes required a-amylase b-amylase Debranching Enzyme ...
... Digestion of Carbohydrates • Three enzymes required a-amylase b-amylase Debranching Enzyme ...
The Molecules of Movement
... Each bundle of filament is called a myofibril. There are hundreds of myofibrils in each cell of a skeletal muscle. T-tubules are invaginations of the sarcoplasmic membrane o T= transmembrane o T-tubules go through muscles at intervals corresponding to the sarcomere length o Open to extracellular spa ...
... Each bundle of filament is called a myofibril. There are hundreds of myofibrils in each cell of a skeletal muscle. T-tubules are invaginations of the sarcoplasmic membrane o T= transmembrane o T-tubules go through muscles at intervals corresponding to the sarcomere length o Open to extracellular spa ...
The Action of Chloramphenicol on Protein and Nucleic Acid
... occurring as part of normal growth, and consequently may have been interdependent. This latter interpretation is clearly supported by the progress curves for the synthesis of nucleic acid. The continued formation of nucleic acid at a logarithmic rate may require the simultaneous continued production ...
... occurring as part of normal growth, and consequently may have been interdependent. This latter interpretation is clearly supported by the progress curves for the synthesis of nucleic acid. The continued formation of nucleic acid at a logarithmic rate may require the simultaneous continued production ...
Amino Acid Catabolism: C
... Acetyl CoA, & its precursor acetoacetate, cannot yield net production of oxaloacetate, the gluconeogenesis precursor. For every 2-C acetyl residue entering Krebs Cycle, 2 C leave as CO2. Carbon skeletons of ketogenic amino acids can be catabolized for energy in Krebs Cycle, or converted to ketone bo ...
... Acetyl CoA, & its precursor acetoacetate, cannot yield net production of oxaloacetate, the gluconeogenesis precursor. For every 2-C acetyl residue entering Krebs Cycle, 2 C leave as CO2. Carbon skeletons of ketogenic amino acids can be catabolized for energy in Krebs Cycle, or converted to ketone bo ...
The Action of Chloramphenicol on Protein and Nucleic Acid
... occurring as part of normal growth, and consequently may have been interdependent. This latter interpretation is clearly supported by the progress curves for the synthesis of nucleic acid. The continued formation of nucleic acid at a logarithmic rate may require the simultaneous continued production ...
... occurring as part of normal growth, and consequently may have been interdependent. This latter interpretation is clearly supported by the progress curves for the synthesis of nucleic acid. The continued formation of nucleic acid at a logarithmic rate may require the simultaneous continued production ...
photosynthesis in higher plants
... and then to Fd. The electrons then move downhill again, this time to a molecule of energy rich NADP+. The addition of these electrons reduces NADP+ to NADPH + H+ (Protons from stroma). At every oxidation/reduction of e– carrier take place and energy released which is utilized in creation of proton g ...
... and then to Fd. The electrons then move downhill again, this time to a molecule of energy rich NADP+. The addition of these electrons reduces NADP+ to NADPH + H+ (Protons from stroma). At every oxidation/reduction of e– carrier take place and energy released which is utilized in creation of proton g ...
Amino Acid Catabolism: C
... Acetyl CoA, & its precursor acetoacetate, cannot yield net production of oxaloacetate, the gluconeogenesis precursor. For every 2-C acetyl residue entering Krebs Cycle, 2 C leave as CO2. Carbon skeletons of ketogenic amino acids can be catabolized for energy in Krebs Cycle, or converted to ketone bo ...
... Acetyl CoA, & its precursor acetoacetate, cannot yield net production of oxaloacetate, the gluconeogenesis precursor. For every 2-C acetyl residue entering Krebs Cycle, 2 C leave as CO2. Carbon skeletons of ketogenic amino acids can be catabolized for energy in Krebs Cycle, or converted to ketone bo ...
07 Aromatic compounds. Acids of arom.s.,their salts, esters,amides
... interesting from the standpoint of being considerably less toxic than aniline. The para-compounds (C-3) is of particular interast from two standpoint: namely it is the metabolic product of aniline, and it is the least toxic of the three possible aminophenols. It also possesses a strong antipyretic a ...
... interesting from the standpoint of being considerably less toxic than aniline. The para-compounds (C-3) is of particular interast from two standpoint: namely it is the metabolic product of aniline, and it is the least toxic of the three possible aminophenols. It also possesses a strong antipyretic a ...
Streptomyces roseoverticillatus produces two different poly(amino
... natural linear poly(amino acid)s secreted by Bacillus spp. and Streptomyces spp., respectively. In this study, a Streptomyces strain producing both ePL and gPGA was identified. Mass spectrometry and other analyses revealed that the gPGA is a mixture of oligomers consisting of 10–13 L-glutamic acid r ...
... natural linear poly(amino acid)s secreted by Bacillus spp. and Streptomyces spp., respectively. In this study, a Streptomyces strain producing both ePL and gPGA was identified. Mass spectrometry and other analyses revealed that the gPGA is a mixture of oligomers consisting of 10–13 L-glutamic acid r ...
Abstract-- Lactic acid bacteria are characterized
... valine were essential; alanine, aspartate, asparagine and lysine were stimulatory and serine and proline were non-essential for microorganism growth. P. pentosaceus c1 could satisfy the essential amino acid requirements in presence of dipeptides constituted by the required amino acids. Furthermore, ...
... valine were essential; alanine, aspartate, asparagine and lysine were stimulatory and serine and proline were non-essential for microorganism growth. P. pentosaceus c1 could satisfy the essential amino acid requirements in presence of dipeptides constituted by the required amino acids. Furthermore, ...
as a PDF
... treatment with an agent such as sodium boron hydride. The molecule will be reduced to an alditol (Figure 6). Figure 6. Possible oxidation reactions glucose undergoes under various conditions [10]. ...
... treatment with an agent such as sodium boron hydride. The molecule will be reduced to an alditol (Figure 6). Figure 6. Possible oxidation reactions glucose undergoes under various conditions [10]. ...
Fundamentals
... molecules. These are so-called high energy compounds like carbohydrates and fats and proteins. So, anabolism is where you start with relatively simple compounds and make large molecules. These different pathways (anabolism and catabolism) are interconnected by using common products. o For exampl ...
... molecules. These are so-called high energy compounds like carbohydrates and fats and proteins. So, anabolism is where you start with relatively simple compounds and make large molecules. These different pathways (anabolism and catabolism) are interconnected by using common products. o For exampl ...
Chapter 3—Thermodynamics of Biological Systems MULTIPLE
... 35. Which of the following statements regarding ATP is true? a. the energy of hydrolysis is the same for all of the phosphate groups of the molecule b. despite the very exergonic nature of the hydrolysis, ATP does not hydrolyze spontaneously due to a very high activation energy c. the G of hydrolys ...
... 35. Which of the following statements regarding ATP is true? a. the energy of hydrolysis is the same for all of the phosphate groups of the molecule b. despite the very exergonic nature of the hydrolysis, ATP does not hydrolyze spontaneously due to a very high activation energy c. the G of hydrolys ...
Fatty acid synthesis in liver and adipose tissue
... a marked increase in fatty acid synthesis and lipogenic enzyme activity in both liver and adipose tissue (Ballard & Hanson, 1967; Taylor et al. 1967; Bazin & Lavau, 1982). During the post-weaning period the rate of fatty acid synthesis in different body tissues varies with age in both mice (Le March ...
... a marked increase in fatty acid synthesis and lipogenic enzyme activity in both liver and adipose tissue (Ballard & Hanson, 1967; Taylor et al. 1967; Bazin & Lavau, 1982). During the post-weaning period the rate of fatty acid synthesis in different body tissues varies with age in both mice (Le March ...
cellrespir
... • The molecules of electron transport chains are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria – The chain functions as a chemical machine that uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial ...
... • The molecules of electron transport chains are built into the inner membranes of mitochondria – The chain functions as a chemical machine that uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial ...
Macromolecules Exercise Ver8 - STAR
... polypeptide chains. Some proteins are enzymes that carry out important biochemical processes within the cells of all living organisms, including animals and plants. Other proteins are structural proteins important for the composition of all of our organs and tissues. Proteins are found inside ALL di ...
... polypeptide chains. Some proteins are enzymes that carry out important biochemical processes within the cells of all living organisms, including animals and plants. Other proteins are structural proteins important for the composition of all of our organs and tissues. Proteins are found inside ALL di ...
Lipids- Structure and Metabolism
... First step in the oxidation of fatty acid is the activation of fatty acid, in cytoplasm. Fatty acid activation occurs in the presence of ATP and is catalysed by a thiokinase (acyl CoA synthetase). Thiokinases are found both inside as well as outside of the mitochondria. Several thiokinases are known ...
... First step in the oxidation of fatty acid is the activation of fatty acid, in cytoplasm. Fatty acid activation occurs in the presence of ATP and is catalysed by a thiokinase (acyl CoA synthetase). Thiokinases are found both inside as well as outside of the mitochondria. Several thiokinases are known ...
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Intermediates during
... 1. The importance of the level of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (malate, citrate and fumarate) for energy transduction during exercise has been investigated in six healthy subjects and in two patients with muscle phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle’s disease). 2. Healthy subjects cycled for 1 ...
... 1. The importance of the level of tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates (malate, citrate and fumarate) for energy transduction during exercise has been investigated in six healthy subjects and in two patients with muscle phosphorylase deficiency (McArdle’s disease). 2. Healthy subjects cycled for 1 ...
Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex
... there are no studies to determine if the product of the “pseudogene” might play a role in determining the binding of E3 to the E2k core of KGDHC, similar to the role played by “protein X” in the PDHC complex.21 The E2k pseudogene can be a source of artifacts in studies, leading for instance to the f ...
... there are no studies to determine if the product of the “pseudogene” might play a role in determining the binding of E3 to the E2k core of KGDHC, similar to the role played by “protein X” in the PDHC complex.21 The E2k pseudogene can be a source of artifacts in studies, leading for instance to the f ...
Evaluation of volatile compounds produced by Lactobacillus
... independent cultures. Error bars represent the standard deviations ...
... independent cultures. Error bars represent the standard deviations ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.