(EC 2.2.1.1) active in the Calvin cycle of spinach chloroplasts
... the Calvin cycle and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) of higher-plant chloroplasts. In the Calvin cycle, it catalyses the transfer of a two-carbon ketol group from either D-fructose6-phosphate or D-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate to Dglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to yield D-xylulose-5phosphate ...
... the Calvin cycle and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (OPPP) of higher-plant chloroplasts. In the Calvin cycle, it catalyses the transfer of a two-carbon ketol group from either D-fructose6-phosphate or D-sedoheptulose-7-phosphate to Dglyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to yield D-xylulose-5phosphate ...
Chromium and Diabetes Links
... The triplets containing proline or hydroxy proline are more stable in collagen-like conformation Proline sterically restricts the N-C rotation and it has limited values of , – 63 ±15 degrees Hence, proline can not be found in other known major protein motif The dihedral angle corresponding ...
... The triplets containing proline or hydroxy proline are more stable in collagen-like conformation Proline sterically restricts the N-C rotation and it has limited values of , – 63 ±15 degrees Hence, proline can not be found in other known major protein motif The dihedral angle corresponding ...
Fat to the fire: the regulation of lipid oxidation
... change in overall fatty acid flux rates. The variation in the fatty acid pathway between species has received little attention. However, current data on gene knockout, trans- ...
... change in overall fatty acid flux rates. The variation in the fatty acid pathway between species has received little attention. However, current data on gene knockout, trans- ...
Міністерство охорони здоров`я України Харківський
... The material of manual is presented in 20 chapters. It includes structure and metabolism of basic classes of biomolecules (proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, lipids), regulation of metabolism and physiologic functions, biochemistry of enzymes, vitamins, blood, kidney, ...
... The material of manual is presented in 20 chapters. It includes structure and metabolism of basic classes of biomolecules (proteins, amino acids, nucleic acids, nucleotides, carbohydrates, lipids), regulation of metabolism and physiologic functions, biochemistry of enzymes, vitamins, blood, kidney, ...
Further characterization of the lipoic acid enantiomers
... DHLA (Carlson et al 2008, Haj Yehia et al 2000) BMOA: 6,8-bis(methylthio)octanoic acid BNLA: bisnorLA or 3-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl) propanoic acid BMHA: 4,6-bis(methylthio)hexanoic acid TNLA: tetranorlipoic acid BMBA: 2,4-bis(methylthio)butanoic acid (Teichert & Preiss 2008, Krone 2002, Schu ...
... DHLA (Carlson et al 2008, Haj Yehia et al 2000) BMOA: 6,8-bis(methylthio)octanoic acid BNLA: bisnorLA or 3-(1,2-dithiolan-3-yl) propanoic acid BMHA: 4,6-bis(methylthio)hexanoic acid TNLA: tetranorlipoic acid BMBA: 2,4-bis(methylthio)butanoic acid (Teichert & Preiss 2008, Krone 2002, Schu ...
Anaerobic and aerobic pathways for salvage of proximal tubules
... which is a product of both pathways A and B (Fig. 1), donates electrons to complex III via complex II (succinate dehydrogenase), bypassing the limitation of metabolism of complex I substrates (pathway C in Fig. 1). In this fashion, succinate-dependent aerobic respiration via normal electron transpor ...
... which is a product of both pathways A and B (Fig. 1), donates electrons to complex III via complex II (succinate dehydrogenase), bypassing the limitation of metabolism of complex I substrates (pathway C in Fig. 1). In this fashion, succinate-dependent aerobic respiration via normal electron transpor ...
COX-1 And COX-2 Enzymes Synthesize Prostaglandins and Are
... Prostaglandin Hormone Synthases (COX-1 and COX-2) are enzymes that produce prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are responsible for fever, pain, and inflammation, but also the maintenance of the lining of the stomach and prevention of ulceration. COX-1 is found mainly in the gastrointestinal lining, and C ...
... Prostaglandin Hormone Synthases (COX-1 and COX-2) are enzymes that produce prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are responsible for fever, pain, and inflammation, but also the maintenance of the lining of the stomach and prevention of ulceration. COX-1 is found mainly in the gastrointestinal lining, and C ...
Colorimetric End-Point Determination
... Kaplan, Alex, Clinical Chemistry, & Sigma produce inserts Enzyme activity At normal body temperature, cellular chemical reactions, particularly those for the oxidation or transformation of organic compounds would occur very slowly. While raising the temperature would increase the speed of the reacti ...
... Kaplan, Alex, Clinical Chemistry, & Sigma produce inserts Enzyme activity At normal body temperature, cellular chemical reactions, particularly those for the oxidation or transformation of organic compounds would occur very slowly. While raising the temperature would increase the speed of the reacti ...
BCMB 3100 – Chapter 3 (part 1)
... different groups around the -carbon (glycine is an exception). Thus all amino acids except glycine can exist as enantiomers: two sterioisomer that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other. Enantiomers of amino acids are called D (right-handed) or L (left-handed) L and D refer to absolute c ...
... different groups around the -carbon (glycine is an exception). Thus all amino acids except glycine can exist as enantiomers: two sterioisomer that are nonsuperimposable mirror images of each other. Enantiomers of amino acids are called D (right-handed) or L (left-handed) L and D refer to absolute c ...
Nomenclature and Symbolism for Amino Acids and Peptides
... The traditional and well-known names of the common a-amino acids were, in general, given to them by their discoverers and bear no relationship to their chemical structures [l, 21. The modification of these names to accommodate derivatives and to designate configuration was codified in 1947 [3] and r ...
... The traditional and well-known names of the common a-amino acids were, in general, given to them by their discoverers and bear no relationship to their chemical structures [l, 21. The modification of these names to accommodate derivatives and to designate configuration was codified in 1947 [3] and r ...
Partial Class Notes Chapters 3 and 5 (4 slides/page)
... 20 different amino acids are found in proteins _____________________ (side chains) that differ in size, shape, charge, hydrogenbonding capacity & chemical reactivity 20 different amino acids found in proteins of all organisms from bacteria to humans The amino acid alphabet is at least 2 billion y ...
... 20 different amino acids are found in proteins _____________________ (side chains) that differ in size, shape, charge, hydrogenbonding capacity & chemical reactivity 20 different amino acids found in proteins of all organisms from bacteria to humans The amino acid alphabet is at least 2 billion y ...
structure and function of bio- molecules - Aditya K Panda, PhD
... therefore two optical isomers (threonine and isoleucine have, e.g., two optical C-atoms). The basis for the nomenclature is D/L-glycerine aldehyde. Protein forming amino acids are all of the L-type. D-type amino acids are also known in nature but do not occur in proteins. In the case of amino acids ...
... therefore two optical isomers (threonine and isoleucine have, e.g., two optical C-atoms). The basis for the nomenclature is D/L-glycerine aldehyde. Protein forming amino acids are all of the L-type. D-type amino acids are also known in nature but do not occur in proteins. In the case of amino acids ...
Inducible uptake and metabolism of glucose by the phosphorylative
... acid indicates that this transport system is also inducible. Based on these results, we conclude that in P. putida CSV86 the metabolism of glucose is regulated at least at enzyme and transport level. The absence of the direct oxidative pathway and the low activity of Zwf in CSV86 may be responsible ...
... acid indicates that this transport system is also inducible. Based on these results, we conclude that in P. putida CSV86 the metabolism of glucose is regulated at least at enzyme and transport level. The absence of the direct oxidative pathway and the low activity of Zwf in CSV86 may be responsible ...
Unit: Enzymes I
... monitoring is used most commonly with those enzymes in which changes in NADH or NADPH are measured but can also be used for the determination of other enzyme activities (e.g., alkaline phosphatase) if a colored product is generated from a non-colored substrate. Although a few enzyme tests have been ...
... monitoring is used most commonly with those enzymes in which changes in NADH or NADPH are measured but can also be used for the determination of other enzyme activities (e.g., alkaline phosphatase) if a colored product is generated from a non-colored substrate. Although a few enzyme tests have been ...
METABOLIC PROCESSES IN HARVESTED PRODUCTS
... energy and the utilization of stored energy are central processes in the control of the overall metabolism of a plant. The acquisition of energy through photosynthesis and its recycling via the respiratory pathways are compared in Table 3.1. Respiration occurs in all living products, while photosynt ...
... energy and the utilization of stored energy are central processes in the control of the overall metabolism of a plant. The acquisition of energy through photosynthesis and its recycling via the respiratory pathways are compared in Table 3.1. Respiration occurs in all living products, while photosynt ...
Gustatory Responses of Eel Palatine Receptors to Amino Acids and
... ABSTRACT The gustatory receptors of the eel palate were found to be extremely sensitive to amino acids and carboxylic acids. The results obtained are as follows: (a) 11 amino acids which are among naturally occurring amino acids elicited responses in the palatine nerve, but 9 amino acids did not eli ...
... ABSTRACT The gustatory receptors of the eel palate were found to be extremely sensitive to amino acids and carboxylic acids. The results obtained are as follows: (a) 11 amino acids which are among naturally occurring amino acids elicited responses in the palatine nerve, but 9 amino acids did not eli ...
Consortium for Educational Communication
... Consortium for Educational Communication dinucleotide) functions as carrier of electrons in oxidation reduction reactions. Several other coenzymes are involved in the transfer of a variety of additional chemical groups (e.g. carboxyl groups and acyl goups). Cofactors are essential for the catalytic ...
... Consortium for Educational Communication dinucleotide) functions as carrier of electrons in oxidation reduction reactions. Several other coenzymes are involved in the transfer of a variety of additional chemical groups (e.g. carboxyl groups and acyl goups). Cofactors are essential for the catalytic ...
Influence of milk source and ripening time on free amino
... followed by Enterococcus fuecalis), so their metabolic action may play an important role in the release of FAA. The differences in terms of total FAA content between the various batches of cheese became higher as ripening time elapsed (see Figure I); the 75C cheeses presented, by 180 days, the highe ...
... followed by Enterococcus fuecalis), so their metabolic action may play an important role in the release of FAA. The differences in terms of total FAA content between the various batches of cheese became higher as ripening time elapsed (see Figure I); the 75C cheeses presented, by 180 days, the highe ...
Variation in the link between oxygen consumption and ATP
... inner mitochondrial membrane. The dissipation of Dp is associated with an increase in heat production [46]. Several distinct biological mechanisms can alter Dp and hence affect the P/O ratio. The composition of the mitochondrial inner membrane, both in terms of its phospholipid fatty acids and the o ...
... inner mitochondrial membrane. The dissipation of Dp is associated with an increase in heat production [46]. Several distinct biological mechanisms can alter Dp and hence affect the P/O ratio. The composition of the mitochondrial inner membrane, both in terms of its phospholipid fatty acids and the o ...
biomolecules (introduction, structure
... Protein, the term is derived from Greek word Proteios means “ primary” or “holding first place” or “pre eminent” because Jons Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, thought them to be most important of biological substances. And now we know that proteins are fundamental structural and functional compon ...
... Protein, the term is derived from Greek word Proteios means “ primary” or “holding first place” or “pre eminent” because Jons Jacob Berzelius, a Swedish chemist, thought them to be most important of biological substances. And now we know that proteins are fundamental structural and functional compon ...
Lipid metabolism in the elderly
... activity of various skeletal muscle enzymes. In general, the glycolytic capacity of skeletal muscle is maintained with age (Rogers & Evans, 1993). In contrast, the activity of enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism (eg succinate dehydrogenase; citrate synthase; cytochrome c oxidase) and b-oxidatio ...
... activity of various skeletal muscle enzymes. In general, the glycolytic capacity of skeletal muscle is maintained with age (Rogers & Evans, 1993). In contrast, the activity of enzymes involved in oxidative metabolism (eg succinate dehydrogenase; citrate synthase; cytochrome c oxidase) and b-oxidatio ...
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.