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Translation: A Four
Translation: A Four

... fact makes it of significance to any one going into health care as many micro-organisms are capable of being killed by translation inhibitors such as chloramphenicol (C), tetracycline (T), streptomycin (S), lincomycin (L) and erythromycin (E) to name 5. • In short, – C inhibits/blocks peptidyl trans ...
List of protein families currently covered by SVMProt
List of protein families currently covered by SVMProt

... Appendix S2 Method for computing the feature vector of a protein sequence A protein sequence is represented by specific feature vector assembled from encoded representations of tabulated residue properties including amino acid composition, hydrophobicity, normalized Van der Waals volume, polarity, p ...
Amino acid Catabolism
Amino acid Catabolism

... the synthesis of urea, which is quantitatively the most important route for disposing of nitrogen from the body. • In the second phase of amino acid catabolism, the carbon skeletons of the α-ketoacids are converted to common intermediates of energy producing, metabolic pathways. These compounds can ...
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral

... (Stadtman, 1963) or glutamate (Buckel and Barker, 1974). However, acetic acid can also arise from glucose via pyruvate. Similarly, butyric acid can readily be formed from acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate. Two acetyl residues are condensed to yield acetoacetyl-CoA which undergoes /?-reduction to buty ...
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers

... CO2. Several PDH-mediated mechanisms exist to promote fatty acid oxidation over glucose oxidation, including phosphorylation inhibition of PDH1 and end product inhibition of PDH by high acetyl-CoA/CoA and NADH/NAD⫹ ratios.2 After eating and in response to energetic stressors, such as aerobic exercis ...
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral
effect of glucose concentration in the growth medium upon neutral

... (Stadtman, 1963) or glutamate (Buckel and Barker, 1974). However, acetic acid can also arise from glucose via pyruvate. Similarly, butyric acid can readily be formed from acetyl-CoA derived from pyruvate. Two acetyl residues are condensed to yield acetoacetyl-CoA which undergoes /?-reduction to buty ...
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers
The Cycling of Acetyl-Coenzyme A Through Acetylcarnitine Buffers

... CO2. Several PDH-mediated mechanisms exist to promote fatty acid oxidation over glucose oxidation, including phosphorylation inhibition of PDH1 and end product inhibition of PDH by high acetyl-CoA/CoA and NADH/NAD⫹ ratios.2 After eating and in response to energetic stressors, such as aerobic exercis ...
Lecture 20
Lecture 20

... Glucose as Fuel • Glycolysis: The breakdown of glucose for energy Glucose ...
1 - u.arizona.edu
1 - u.arizona.edu

... - glucose-6-P  6-Phosphogluconate  Ribulose-5-Phosphate (Ribose-5-phosphate) - key enzyme and rate-limiting step is glucose-6-P dehydrogenase; produces first of two NADPH, used NADP+ as cofactor; glucose-6-PDHase has regulation  feed back inhibition by NADPH - second molecule of NADPH produces in ...
FCH 532 Lecture 27
FCH 532 Lecture 27

... Hydrolysis of protecting group yields ornithine which can be converted to arginine. In humans it is direct from glutamate-5-semialdehyde to ornithine by ornithine-aminotransferase ...
Chapter 25 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins
Chapter 25 Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins

7.6 Enzymes – summary of mark schemes
7.6 Enzymes – summary of mark schemes

... end-product can inhibit enzyme needed for early / first step in metabolic pathway; negative feedback since increased level of product decreases rate of its own production; metabolic pathway regulated according to the requirement for its end-product; idea that inhibition is reversible; ...
File
File

... What are the biochemical responses to a breakfast? Fat is processed exactly as it is processed in the normal fed state. However, this is not the case for glucose. The liver does not initially absorb glucose from the blood, but rather leaves it for the peripheral tissues. Moreover, the liver remains ...
chapter 8 section 3 notes
chapter 8 section 3 notes

ketone bodies
ketone bodies

... -OH Butyrate ...
Organic Chemistry for Biology
Organic Chemistry for Biology

... • Smaller organic molecules join together to form larger molecules ...
Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy
Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy

... •  Occurs in mitochondria in eukaryotes •  Operates twice for every glucose molecule that enters glycolysis •  Starts with Acetyl CoA; acetyl group is oxidized to two CO2 •  Oxaloacetate is regenerated in the last step ...
Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production
Fuelling the future: microbial engineering for the production

... To keep energy supply sustainable while mitigating the CO2 problem, the ultimate energy source must come from the sun, which radiates 120,000 TW of energy to Earth. This is much larger than the total energy demand of humans, which is 13 TW currently161. Direct harvesting of solar energy using photov ...
Macromolecules
Macromolecules

... Bonds between carbons, they are called saturated fatty acids If they have one or more double bonds between carbons, they are called unsaturated fatty acids ...
Chapter 8b
Chapter 8b

... 2. To understand the relationship between motor unit size and precision of muscle movement. 3. To explore the relationship of motor units to muscle tone. ...
File
File

... My hypothesis should be rejected, as my initial presumption of the rate of respiration in germinating peas was incorrect. From this experiment, we can see from the germinating peas in the 20-degree waterbath that, over time, the rate of oxygen consumed increases. However, I was correct in thinking t ...
Chapter 1 Answer Key
Chapter 1 Answer Key

... Protein sequencing is useful because once the sequence of a polypeptide is known it can be synthesized artificially. Once the sequence is known, it is also possible to better understand the protein and its function in the body. Insulin was the first protein fully sequenced. Fredrick Sanger was the f ...
- Department of Chemistry, York University
- Department of Chemistry, York University

... A recent discovery: In 2004, glycolaldehyde was discovered in a cold region (8 K) of the gasand-dust cloud Sagittarius B2, 26,000 light years away, near the centre of our own Milky Way Galaxy. The discovery was made using the National Science Foundation’s giant Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope (G ...
basic components of living things
basic components of living things

... are saturated lipids. (All carbons are saturated with maximum number of H). Butter, margarine. (Found mostly in animals) If there is some double bonds between carbon molecules, they are unsaturated lipids. Oils, olive oil (found mostly in plants) ...
(a) Name the monosaccharides of which the
(a) Name the monosaccharides of which the

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Citric acid cycle



The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
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