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Chapter 11
Chapter 11

... captured in the high energy compound ATP ...
the PDF
the PDF

... different structures. Protein molecules normally consist of several thousand amino acids condensed together so the permutations are endless! (Hence the huge variety of protein structures.) The bodies of living things cleverly build up proteins specific to the bodies’ needs from the supply of amino a ...
Part1. Acid rain formation. 1. Discovery of acid rain.
Part1. Acid rain formation. 1. Discovery of acid rain.

... Nitric acid is more volatile and thus can exist in significant concentrations in the gas phase, while sulfuric acid has a very low vapor pressure under ambient conditions and hence exists in the form of particles. Nitric acid can relatively easily revolatilize even after forming the ammonium sal ...
Microbiology Of Fermented Foods and Beverages by momina
Microbiology Of Fermented Foods and Beverages by momina

... Heterotrophic chemoorganotrophs, due to their carbon and energy needs. Consist of species which are adaptable to less nutrient rich environments. Inhabit habitats like: meat, low pH foods, ethanolic environments, milk etc. Capable of breaking down sugars to produce lactic acid and other products. Ma ...
2: Enzymes
2: Enzymes

... speeds to separate the larger from the smaller organelles. Finally, to obtain pure enzymes, chromatographic techniques such as column chromatography can be used to separate proteins based upon their size. Often multiple techniques are combined to isolate the pure enzyme. ...
Reducing sugars
Reducing sugars

... 2. Optical isomerism - definition (D- and L-glucose) 3. Formation of a cyclic glucose (anomers) 4. Reducing sugars - definition ...
What roles do proteins (polypeptides) play? 1. Enzymes (catalysts) 2
What roles do proteins (polypeptides) play? 1. Enzymes (catalysts) 2

... • Note the stereochemistry (geometry) • 19 of the 20 are chiral Steroisomers • 4 different groups bonded to Cα • These molecules cannot be superimposed (are mirror images of each other) • Therefore they are not identical, and are referred to as stereoisomers. • Using spectrographic instrumentation, ...
Sugars
Sugars

... 1. Glucose, fructose and galactose (structure) 2. Optical isomerism - definition (D- and L-glucose) 3. Formation of a cyclic glucose (anomers) 4. Reducing sugars - definition ...
HONORS BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2016
HONORS BIOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE 2016

... 42. Identify the ATP yield for each step of aerobic cellular respiration and the approximate total ATP yield from one molecule of glucose. 43. Explain the role of oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration. At which step is it required and why? Explain why oxygen is called the “final electron acceptor” ...
Instructor`s Copy Lab Worksheet
Instructor`s Copy Lab Worksheet

... C. In the appropriate spaces in Data Table 1, write the abbreviated name of each amino acid in chimpanzee hemoglobin that is different from that in human hemoglobin. If there are no differences, leave the spaces blank. D. For the remaining organisms, write the abbreviated names of the amino acids th ...
Proteins – Amides from Amino Acids
Proteins – Amides from Amino Acids

... • pH = pKa + log [A-]/[HA] • This permits a titration curve to be calculated or pKa to be determined from a titration curve ...
BREATH OF LIFE
BREATH OF LIFE

... To recharge the ATP battery cells need to break down sugar. All living cells (plants, bacteria, fungi, animals) can break down sugar without oxygen in a process called Gylcolysis. Glucose molecules are split into 2 smaller 3 carbon molecules called pyruvate and a little ATP is produced. Our cells re ...
E. coli
E. coli

... play a key role in protein biosynthesis. ARSs catalyze the covalent attachment of amino acids to their cognate transfer RNA (tRNA). They are multi-domain proteins, with domains that have distinct roles in aminoacylation of tRNA. Various domains of an aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase perform their specific ...
Acid Base PPT - mvhs
Acid Base PPT - mvhs

... Polyprotic Acids: Have more than two protons that can be donated. Ex. H3PO4 ...
Sugar Metabolism in Yeasts: an Overview of Aerobic and Anaerobic
Sugar Metabolism in Yeasts: an Overview of Aerobic and Anaerobic

... Once inside the cell, glucose is phosphorylated by kinases to glucose 6-phosphate and then isomerized to fructose 6-phosphate, by phosphoglucose isomerase. The next enzyme is phosphofructokinase, which is subject to regulation by several metabolites, and further phosphorilates fructose 6-phosphate t ...
Unit 3 Biochemistry
Unit 3 Biochemistry

... • For each of the following, determine if your patient is NORMAL, ABOVE NORMAL, BELOW NORMAL Total Cholesterol: Glucose (blood sugar): Protein: • Is your patient at risk for heart disease, obesity or diabetes? ...
Glucose (C6H12O6), also known as D
Glucose (C6H12O6), also known as D

... blood. The most inexpensive and widely used way of monitoring glucose level is to poke their fingers to draw the blood needed for the test. A 2011 report projected that the global blood glucose test strips and meters market will reach US$21.5 billion by 2017. Officially known as diabetes mellitus, t ...
Amino Acids - Chavis Biology
Amino Acids - Chavis Biology

... Amino acids are the basic units from which proteins are made. Plants can manufacture all of the amino acids they required from simpler molecules, but animals must obtain a number of ready-made amino acids (called essential amino acids) from their diet. All other amino acids can be constructed from t ...
Amino Acids
Amino Acids

... Amino acids are the basic units from which proteins are made. Plants can manufacture all of the amino acids they required from simpler molecules, but animals must obtain a number of ready-made amino acids (called essential amino acids) from their diet. All other amino acids can be constructed from t ...
Theoretical Inversion of Amino Acids (Alanine and Aspartic Acid) by
Theoretical Inversion of Amino Acids (Alanine and Aspartic Acid) by

... Racemization is a chemical reaction and a number of factors influence its rate(5). These include; amino acid structure, the sequence of amino acids in peptides, pH, buffering effects, metallic cations, the presence of water and temperature. To establish a dating method the kinetics and mechanisms of ...
Amino Acids - Chavis Biology
Amino Acids - Chavis Biology

... Amino acids are the basic units from which proteins are made. Plants can manufacture all of the amino acids they required from simpler molecules, but animals must obtain a number of ready-made amino acids (called essential amino acids) from their diet. All other amino acids can be constructed from t ...
Chemistry 160:581 – Biochemistry - Syllabus for Fall 2014 Monday
Chemistry 160:581 – Biochemistry - Syllabus for Fall 2014 Monday

... A strong prior preparation in organic chemistry and some preparation in physical chemistry are useful pre-requisites. This one-semester course introduces the structural aspects of the four major classes of biopolymers: nucleic acids, carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, with a significant emphasis on ...
2.6 Non-aqueous titration
2.6 Non-aqueous titration

... Many water-insoluble compounds acquire enhanced acidic or basic properties when dissolved in organic solvents. Thus the choice of the appropriate solvent permits the determination of a variety of such materials by non-aqueous titration. Further, depending upon which part of a compound is physiologic ...
sickle cell anemia explained by protein shape, northeast 2012
sickle cell anemia explained by protein shape, northeast 2012

... The tidbit incorporates the following approaches to active learning: Think/Pair/Share, clicker questions, brainstorming, and a group worksheet that is filled out during the activity. The topic is amenable to a discussion about aspects of diversity pertaining to a disease often associated with a part ...
The Molecules of Life Biochem! - Belle Vernon Area School District
The Molecules of Life Biochem! - Belle Vernon Area School District

... variations in side chains  Amino acids contins amino groups (RNH2, R2NH, R3N) and a carbonyl group (RCOOH) ...
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Citric acid cycle



The citric acid cycle – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to generate energy through the oxidation of acetate derived from carbohydrates, fats and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids as well as the reducing agent NADH that is used in numerous other biochemical reactions. Its central importance to many biochemical pathways suggests that it was one of the earliest established components of cellular metabolism and may have originated abiogenically.The name of this metabolic pathway is derived from citric acid (a type of tricarboxylic acid) that is consumed and then regenerated by this sequence of reactions to complete the cycle. In addition, the cycle consumes acetate (in the form of acetyl-CoA) and water, reduces NAD+ to NADH, and produces carbon dioxide as a waste byproduct. The NADH generated by the TCA cycle is fed into the oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport) pathway. The net result of these two closely linked pathways is the oxidation of nutrients to produce usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.In eukaryotic cells, the citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondrion. In prokaryotic cells, such as bacteria which lack mitochondria, the TCA reaction sequence is performed in the cytosol with the proton gradient for ATP production being across the cell's surface (plasma membrane) rather than the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.
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