CO2 concentrations are more than 200 times greater
... absorbed by the surface of the Earth. Since all objects emit radiation (and the wavelength of this radiation is determined by the temperature of the emitting body) the earth's surface emits radiation too. However, since the earth is MUCH cooler than the sun, the earth mainly produces IR radiation. T ...
... absorbed by the surface of the Earth. Since all objects emit radiation (and the wavelength of this radiation is determined by the temperature of the emitting body) the earth's surface emits radiation too. However, since the earth is MUCH cooler than the sun, the earth mainly produces IR radiation. T ...
pdf
... clouds reflect solar energy into space, so do light-colored land surfaces. Scientists use the term albedo to define the percentage of solar energy reflected back by a surface. This surface albedo effect strongly influences the absorption of sunlight. Forests, grasslands, ocean surfaces, ice caps, de ...
... clouds reflect solar energy into space, so do light-colored land surfaces. Scientists use the term albedo to define the percentage of solar energy reflected back by a surface. This surface albedo effect strongly influences the absorption of sunlight. Forests, grasslands, ocean surfaces, ice caps, de ...
test1_review
... Quantities: Intensity/Radiance, Flux Density (spectral vs. monochromatic) = Irradiance, power, energy. Know the units on every such quantity we’ve talked about. Equation for flux density from radiance (angular integration). Remember the cosine term and why it is there. Planck’s function: What it des ...
... Quantities: Intensity/Radiance, Flux Density (spectral vs. monochromatic) = Irradiance, power, energy. Know the units on every such quantity we’ve talked about. Equation for flux density from radiance (angular integration). Remember the cosine term and why it is there. Planck’s function: What it des ...
Climate System - 5.1 - PowerPoint Presentation
... TO LEAD TO RUNAWAY CHANGE o Climate cools (initial change) o Snow (which has a higher albedo than bare ground) covers more of the surface o Initial cooling increases the amount of sunlight that is reflected back into space, cooling the Earth further ...
... TO LEAD TO RUNAWAY CHANGE o Climate cools (initial change) o Snow (which has a higher albedo than bare ground) covers more of the surface o Initial cooling increases the amount of sunlight that is reflected back into space, cooling the Earth further ...
Changes in Earth`s Reflectance over the Past Two Decades
... to suggest an increased cooling rate of the global surface and troposphere, because their estimated ⬃5 W/m2 increase in OLR radiation (implied cooling) over the period 1985–2000 is larger than the ⬃2 W/m2 SW decrease (implied warming) over the same period (11, 13). Our results for SW radiation are b ...
... to suggest an increased cooling rate of the global surface and troposphere, because their estimated ⬃5 W/m2 increase in OLR radiation (implied cooling) over the period 1985–2000 is larger than the ⬃2 W/m2 SW decrease (implied warming) over the same period (11, 13). Our results for SW radiation are b ...
Elements of the climate
... fresh-water flow increased 18% from 1994 to 2006, suggesting an acceleration in the global water cycle of evaporation and rainfall, which influences the intensity of storms, floods and droughts. (October 6, 2010) Among the new study’s more dramatic calculations: River runoff into the seas has been ...
... fresh-water flow increased 18% from 1994 to 2006, suggesting an acceleration in the global water cycle of evaporation and rainfall, which influences the intensity of storms, floods and droughts. (October 6, 2010) Among the new study’s more dramatic calculations: River runoff into the seas has been ...
Lesson27
... • At these wavelengths the Rayleigh cross section is high. • Hence scattering can become an important issue in calculating dissociation rates. • In addition we must also consider the effect of the radiation that is reflected by the Earth’s surface and clouds. • The next figure shows the effect of a ...
... • At these wavelengths the Rayleigh cross section is high. • Hence scattering can become an important issue in calculating dissociation rates. • In addition we must also consider the effect of the radiation that is reflected by the Earth’s surface and clouds. • The next figure shows the effect of a ...
Urban Climate
... What is the difference between weather and climate? • Climate is what you expect • Weather is what you get ...
... What is the difference between weather and climate? • Climate is what you expect • Weather is what you get ...
Chapter 9: Focus on the Biota – ppt
... experiments conducted with a General Circulation Model – change all forest north of 45N to bare ground and compare to actual forest – equivalent to moving forest line south Implied by Model Results ...
... experiments conducted with a General Circulation Model – change all forest north of 45N to bare ground and compare to actual forest – equivalent to moving forest line south Implied by Model Results ...
CCSM_Feb2006 - UCLA: Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
... And how relevant are cloud changes associated with anthropogenic climate change in altering snow and sea ice albedo feedback? ...
... And how relevant are cloud changes associated with anthropogenic climate change in altering snow and sea ice albedo feedback? ...
Climate and Climate Change
... ◊ Positive feedback increases your original change (warming the Earth increases the warming by ice melt) ...
... ◊ Positive feedback increases your original change (warming the Earth increases the warming by ice melt) ...
Meteorology Powerpoint
... Why is there a low pressure system on (close to) the equator? Why don’t the winds just blow north to south in the N. Hemisphere and south to north in the S. Hemisphere? ...
... Why is there a low pressure system on (close to) the equator? Why don’t the winds just blow north to south in the N. Hemisphere and south to north in the S. Hemisphere? ...
Climate Change
... Sets of activities available today focus on three aspects of climate change. • Earth’s Albedo: Sunlight is either absorbed or reflected from Earth’s surface • Carbon Dioxide Measurements: CO2 can be measured and its pathways can be simulated. • Changes in Sea Level: Melting land and sea ice will ha ...
... Sets of activities available today focus on three aspects of climate change. • Earth’s Albedo: Sunlight is either absorbed or reflected from Earth’s surface • Carbon Dioxide Measurements: CO2 can be measured and its pathways can be simulated. • Changes in Sea Level: Melting land and sea ice will ha ...
Geoengineering - Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences
... climate change by intentionally intervening with the atmosphere to offset the impacts of rising GHGs. An alternative to reducing emissions caused by burning fossil fuels ...
... climate change by intentionally intervening with the atmosphere to offset the impacts of rising GHGs. An alternative to reducing emissions caused by burning fossil fuels ...
Global Warming May Cause Sea Levels to Rise 34 Centimeters by
... the end of the century, causing increased flooding and coastal erosion, according to a new study by Australian researchers. The study -- published in this month's issue of the journal Geophysical Research Letters -- said global warming was expected to further heat up the world's oceans and cause gla ...
... the end of the century, causing increased flooding and coastal erosion, according to a new study by Australian researchers. The study -- published in this month's issue of the journal Geophysical Research Letters -- said global warming was expected to further heat up the world's oceans and cause gla ...
Conceptual Problems - Stanford Earth Sciences
... The following questions and answers can be used as in-class or homework problems. The last page has just the questions. 1. You are a city planner for your local neighborhood. You notice that the air temperature in your city is slightly higher than a nearby farming suburb. What are some ways that you ...
... The following questions and answers can be used as in-class or homework problems. The last page has just the questions. 1. You are a city planner for your local neighborhood. You notice that the air temperature in your city is slightly higher than a nearby farming suburb. What are some ways that you ...
Decadal variations
... Albedo change is 7 W/m2 ; GHG up to now is 2.4 W/m2 Equivalent to 2% increase in solar irradiance, a factor 20 more than typical maxima to minima variations Reversibility suggests natural variations. GCM do not show such variations What is the climatic impact? Recent warming acceleration? ...
... Albedo change is 7 W/m2 ; GHG up to now is 2.4 W/m2 Equivalent to 2% increase in solar irradiance, a factor 20 more than typical maxima to minima variations Reversibility suggests natural variations. GCM do not show such variations What is the climatic impact? Recent warming acceleration? ...
Warm Spring Night
... It is obvious that not all places on earth experience the same weather or climate. There are a number of factors that effect the weather or climate. They are called ‘Climatic Controls’. Remember Grade 9 and LOWER - Near Water! This year we will change it up a bit. ...
... It is obvious that not all places on earth experience the same weather or climate. There are a number of factors that effect the weather or climate. They are called ‘Climatic Controls’. Remember Grade 9 and LOWER - Near Water! This year we will change it up a bit. ...
Climate Change Glossary
... then comes the mesosphere, and finally the ionosphere albedo: The amount of light reflected off of an object on a scale from 0-1; white has an albedo of 1 while black has an albedo of 0. blackbody: an object that absorbs all of the radiation that hits it. climate system: the way the physical atmosph ...
... then comes the mesosphere, and finally the ionosphere albedo: The amount of light reflected off of an object on a scale from 0-1; white has an albedo of 1 while black has an albedo of 0. blackbody: an object that absorbs all of the radiation that hits it. climate system: the way the physical atmosph ...
Lecture_Feb18_2015
... Surface characteristics (all wavelength-dependent!) • Absorptivity (may be internally transmitted) • Emissivity (=Absorptivity) • Reflectivity = Albedo = 1 – Emissivity • Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) How light incident on surface can be reflected differently into ALL outgo ...
... Surface characteristics (all wavelength-dependent!) • Absorptivity (may be internally transmitted) • Emissivity (=Absorptivity) • Reflectivity = Albedo = 1 – Emissivity • Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) How light incident on surface can be reflected differently into ALL outgo ...
5_lecture.climateDrivers_Internal
... heat by ocean and atmosphere. 2. Allows accumulation of ice sheets near the poles. 3. Exerts long term control on CO2 levels through volcanic activity, weathering, and burial of organic carbon. ...
... heat by ocean and atmosphere. 2. Allows accumulation of ice sheets near the poles. 3. Exerts long term control on CO2 levels through volcanic activity, weathering, and burial of organic carbon. ...
Climate Drivers: Internal
... heat by ocean and atmosphere. 2. Allows accumulation of ice sheets near the poles. 3. Exerts long term control on CO2 levels through volcanic activity, weathering, and burial of organic carbon. ...
... heat by ocean and atmosphere. 2. Allows accumulation of ice sheets near the poles. 3. Exerts long term control on CO2 levels through volcanic activity, weathering, and burial of organic carbon. ...
3.7 MB
... Main impact in visible, near IR unaffected. Bigger effect for 'old' snow (up to 9%) Test impact by allowing changes in NH land (5%) and sea ice snow albedo (2.5%), consistent with BC concentrations... ...
... Main impact in visible, near IR unaffected. Bigger effect for 'old' snow (up to 9%) Test impact by allowing changes in NH land (5%) and sea ice snow albedo (2.5%), consistent with BC concentrations... ...
Albedo
Albedo (/ælˈbiːdoʊ/), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo ""whiteness"" (or reflected sunlight) in turn from albus ""white"", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.It is the ratio of reflected radiation from the surface to incident radiation upon it. Its dimensionless nature lets it be expressed as a percentage and is measured on a scale from zero for no reflection of a perfectly black surface to 1 for perfect reflection of a white surface.Albedo depends on the frequency of the radiation. When quoted unqualified, it usually refers to some appropriate average across the spectrum of visible light. In general, the albedo depends on the directional distribution of incident radiation, except for Lambertian surfaces, which scatter radiation in all directions according to a cosine function and therefore have an albedo that is independent of the incident distribution. In practice, a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) may be required to accurately characterize the scattering properties of a surface, but albedo is very useful as a first approximation.The albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and calculating reflectivity of surfaces in LEED sustainable-rating systems for buildings. The average overall albedo of Earth, its planetary albedo, is 30 to 35% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features.The term was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.