Lan - Pat Arnott Web Site
... This review paper summaries the general and broad view of black carbon (BC) effects on the Earth climate. ...
... This review paper summaries the general and broad view of black carbon (BC) effects on the Earth climate. ...
Climate Impacts of Land Degradation in the World`s
... surface and near-surface temperatures. In areas where vegetation was reduced, the local surface and near-surface temperatures would increase, not decrease as proposed in the Charney hypothesis. Hydrological processes, not albedo effects, would dominate the surface energy balance changes associated w ...
... surface and near-surface temperatures. In areas where vegetation was reduced, the local surface and near-surface temperatures would increase, not decrease as proposed in the Charney hypothesis. Hydrological processes, not albedo effects, would dominate the surface energy balance changes associated w ...
PChem Team Nano
... droplets •Cloud Albedo •the extent to which it diffusely reflects light from the sun •Relative Humidity •the amount of water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water •Radiative Forcing •the change in net irradiance •Irradiance •the difference between the incoming radiation energy and ...
... droplets •Cloud Albedo •the extent to which it diffusely reflects light from the sun •Relative Humidity •the amount of water vapor that exists in a gaseous mixture of air and water •Radiative Forcing •the change in net irradiance •Irradiance •the difference between the incoming radiation energy and ...
Climate of the Past Strength of forest
... Spring is the season when the high northern latitudes are still partly covered by snow and receive a large amount of incoming solar radiation as opposed to winter. This is the reason why the forest-albedo feedback is expected to be most pronounced in this season (Hall and Qu, 2006; Dery and Brown, ...
... Spring is the season when the high northern latitudes are still partly covered by snow and receive a large amount of incoming solar radiation as opposed to winter. This is the reason why the forest-albedo feedback is expected to be most pronounced in this season (Hall and Qu, 2006; Dery and Brown, ...
SYNTRACE2010 - International Pacific Research Center
... by austral spring insolation and sea-ice feedback Orbitally driven net shortwave irradiance changes at surface 80S-50S Net downward SW flux anomaly due to Orbital forcing only ...
... by austral spring insolation and sea-ice feedback Orbitally driven net shortwave irradiance changes at surface 80S-50S Net downward SW flux anomaly due to Orbital forcing only ...
The effect of a dynamic background albedo scheme on Sahel
... fraction of PFT i, fCi , is based on the presence of green leaves, which is defined through the leaf area index (LAI). The background albedo is based on a time-invariant map, either derived from satellite data or from soil type data. In some cases the background albedo varies with soil moisture (e.g ...
... fraction of PFT i, fCi , is based on the presence of green leaves, which is defined through the leaf area index (LAI). The background albedo is based on a time-invariant map, either derived from satellite data or from soil type data. In some cases the background albedo varies with soil moisture (e.g ...
Evolution of The Biosphere - University of Northern
... Solid particles (dust, sea salt, pollution) also exist ...
... Solid particles (dust, sea salt, pollution) also exist ...
Radiative forcing of climate by historical land cover change
... change has had a significant radiative effect on global climate over the past three centuries. All model runs show a cooling associated with land cover change, both in global averages, and as amplified locally by positive feedbacks. In the equilibrium runs, global cooling was in the range of 0.10!C ...
... change has had a significant radiative effect on global climate over the past three centuries. All model runs show a cooling associated with land cover change, both in global averages, and as amplified locally by positive feedbacks. In the equilibrium runs, global cooling was in the range of 0.10!C ...
Ecosystems and climate interactions in the boreal zone of northern
... the spruce forest and bog are small. Correspondingly, the total effect is that the net radiation of the spruce forested land is higher than that of the bog, with relative differences of about 30% under cool and wet conditions and up to 70–90% under dry and warm ones (table 1). Thus, the paludificati ...
... the spruce forest and bog are small. Correspondingly, the total effect is that the net radiation of the spruce forested land is higher than that of the bog, with relative differences of about 30% under cool and wet conditions and up to 70–90% under dry and warm ones (table 1). Thus, the paludificati ...
Radiative forcing from a changing boreal fire regime
... forcing from greenhouse gases has a widely distributed impact on global temperature (18) whereas the influence of post-fire changes in surface albedo will be concentrated almost entirely in northern regions (10, 11, 13, 18). For the boreal biome as a whole, key factors that are likely to determine t ...
... forcing from greenhouse gases has a widely distributed impact on global temperature (18) whereas the influence of post-fire changes in surface albedo will be concentrated almost entirely in northern regions (10, 11, 13, 18). For the boreal biome as a whole, key factors that are likely to determine t ...
GEOENGINEERING WITH SEA SPRAY: AEROSOL DIRECT AND
... regions. This is due to both transport and spatially varying sea salt flux. Part of the injected sea salt is transported thousands kilometers away from the source. To achieve homogeneous distribution of sea salt over a region would require extremely careful planning when placing the vessels and it m ...
... regions. This is due to both transport and spatially varying sea salt flux. Part of the injected sea salt is transported thousands kilometers away from the source. To achieve homogeneous distribution of sea salt over a region would require extremely careful planning when placing the vessels and it m ...
Properties of Radiation What`s this?
... • Observed in direction of reflection of the sun from smooth surfaces • Specular reflection of visible light from smooth water surface ...
... • Observed in direction of reflection of the sun from smooth surfaces • Specular reflection of visible light from smooth water surface ...
This Unit Plan was developed by: Valarie Gray Cleveland
... weather and climate can be described by temperature, precipitation, humidity, sunlight and wind. Weather is the short-term patterns and climate is the long-term patterns. Energy that originates from the fusion of hydrogen ions in the sun drives Earth’s climate system. It is the uneven heating of Ear ...
... weather and climate can be described by temperature, precipitation, humidity, sunlight and wind. Weather is the short-term patterns and climate is the long-term patterns. Energy that originates from the fusion of hydrogen ions in the sun drives Earth’s climate system. It is the uneven heating of Ear ...
Chapter 7: Energy Balance of the Earth
... including some feedback involving increasing water vapor with increasing temperature. Our simple "layer" model gives a global mean temperature rise of about 2.7o C for this doubling. This may not seem like much, but it is about the same size as the temperature change that took place at the end of th ...
... including some feedback involving increasing water vapor with increasing temperature. Our simple "layer" model gives a global mean temperature rise of about 2.7o C for this doubling. This may not seem like much, but it is about the same size as the temperature change that took place at the end of th ...
The energy balance of planet earth
... Thus the ground is warmer than the atmosphere by Tg = 21/4Teff. This happens because the atmosphere is warmed only by absorbing radiation from the earth's surface, i.e. from one side (below), but it radiates both up and down. The atmosphere must have a lower temperature than the ground in order to s ...
... Thus the ground is warmer than the atmosphere by Tg = 21/4Teff. This happens because the atmosphere is warmed only by absorbing radiation from the earth's surface, i.e. from one side (below), but it radiates both up and down. The atmosphere must have a lower temperature than the ground in order to s ...
Lecture #7_radiation - UMD | Atmospheric and Oceanic Science
... Some of the incoming sunlight and heat energy is reflected back into space by the Earth’s surface, gases in the atmosphere, and clouds; some of it is absorbed and stored as heat. When the surface and atmosphere warm, they emit heat, or thermal energy, into space. The “radiation budget” is an account ...
... Some of the incoming sunlight and heat energy is reflected back into space by the Earth’s surface, gases in the atmosphere, and clouds; some of it is absorbed and stored as heat. When the surface and atmosphere warm, they emit heat, or thermal energy, into space. The “radiation budget” is an account ...
The global land shortwave cryosphere radiative effect during the
... Hemisphere contributes about 60 % of the global LCrRE. However, non-glaciated regions in the Northern Hemisphere contribute about 32 % of the global LCrRE. Because the areal extent of seasonal snow has little “memory” beyond a year, non-glaciated component of the LCrRE can respond rapidly to climate ...
... Hemisphere contributes about 60 % of the global LCrRE. However, non-glaciated regions in the Northern Hemisphere contribute about 32 % of the global LCrRE. Because the areal extent of seasonal snow has little “memory” beyond a year, non-glaciated component of the LCrRE can respond rapidly to climate ...
07_CC_Causes_I_Sahlmann - Potsdam Institute for Climate
... Natural Causes – Plate Tectonics Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed in the process of weathering of silicates and transported to inner parts of the earth carbon dioxide is released through: drifting of the continents (formation of mountains) ...
... Natural Causes – Plate Tectonics Atmospheric Concentration of Carbon Dioxide atmospheric carbon dioxide is fixed in the process of weathering of silicates and transported to inner parts of the earth carbon dioxide is released through: drifting of the continents (formation of mountains) ...
Name: Period: ______ Global Warming, Clouds, and Albedo
... Rising global temperatures are expected to cause greater evaporation of water vapor into the atmosphere, primarily from the oceans. On one hand, we know that water vapor is a powerful greenhouse gas, so an increase in water vapor might be expected to produce yet more warming through an enhanced gree ...
... Rising global temperatures are expected to cause greater evaporation of water vapor into the atmosphere, primarily from the oceans. On one hand, we know that water vapor is a powerful greenhouse gas, so an increase in water vapor might be expected to produce yet more warming through an enhanced gree ...
Controls on Northern Hemisphere snow albedo feedback quantified
... these observations: [17] 1. The average NH April – May SAF (k1 4 ) between 1982 and 1999 based on the APP-x albedo and ERA40 temperature was 1.11 ± 0.07%K1 for the APP domain and 0.93 ± 0.06%K1 for the NH domain used by QH2007. The ISCCP-MODIS corrected based estimate for SAF [Hall et al., 2008 ...
... these observations: [17] 1. The average NH April – May SAF (k1 4 ) between 1982 and 1999 based on the APP-x albedo and ERA40 temperature was 1.11 ± 0.07%K1 for the APP domain and 0.93 ± 0.06%K1 for the NH domain used by QH2007. The ISCCP-MODIS corrected based estimate for SAF [Hall et al., 2008 ...
Presentation
... Sure, but the ocean is big and relatively well mixed More of a problem for poorly buffered terrestrial systems BUT, deposition on snow or ice could create a runoff acid pulse to coastal waters—problematic for Arctic, Antarctic… ...
... Sure, but the ocean is big and relatively well mixed More of a problem for poorly buffered terrestrial systems BUT, deposition on snow or ice could create a runoff acid pulse to coastal waters—problematic for Arctic, Antarctic… ...
Does the Arctic sea ice have a tipping point?
... [2] If a glass is slowly tipped with a finger, it eventually reaches a point where its upright equilibrium becomes unstable and it proceeds rapidly to a new stable equilibrium on its side. Although climate models show that global temperature change is mainly linear in climate forcings over a broad r ...
... [2] If a glass is slowly tipped with a finger, it eventually reaches a point where its upright equilibrium becomes unstable and it proceeds rapidly to a new stable equilibrium on its side. Although climate models show that global temperature change is mainly linear in climate forcings over a broad r ...
Quantifying Albedo and Surface Temperature
... attributes of each land cover. Each site also had different longwave and net radiations associated with them; mean net radiation was about 23% higher for the Scots pine forest than for the grassland. The difference in available energy between the sites was slightly reduced with significant differenc ...
... attributes of each land cover. Each site also had different longwave and net radiations associated with them; mean net radiation was about 23% higher for the Scots pine forest than for the grassland. The difference in available energy between the sites was slightly reduced with significant differenc ...
Changes in Arctic vegetation amplify high
... percent. (C) The difference δðΔV − IO-ΔV-FOÞ in near-surface atmospheric temperature in deg C between two anomalies where trees are introduced on bare ground north of 60 °N, one with an interactive ocean model (V-IO), and the other with fixed ocean and sea-ice (V-FO). (D) The same as (C) for column ...
... percent. (C) The difference δðΔV − IO-ΔV-FOÞ in near-surface atmospheric temperature in deg C between two anomalies where trees are introduced on bare ground north of 60 °N, one with an interactive ocean model (V-IO), and the other with fixed ocean and sea-ice (V-FO). (D) The same as (C) for column ...
Albedo
Albedo (/ælˈbiːdoʊ/), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo ""whiteness"" (or reflected sunlight) in turn from albus ""white"", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.It is the ratio of reflected radiation from the surface to incident radiation upon it. Its dimensionless nature lets it be expressed as a percentage and is measured on a scale from zero for no reflection of a perfectly black surface to 1 for perfect reflection of a white surface.Albedo depends on the frequency of the radiation. When quoted unqualified, it usually refers to some appropriate average across the spectrum of visible light. In general, the albedo depends on the directional distribution of incident radiation, except for Lambertian surfaces, which scatter radiation in all directions according to a cosine function and therefore have an albedo that is independent of the incident distribution. In practice, a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) may be required to accurately characterize the scattering properties of a surface, but albedo is very useful as a first approximation.The albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and calculating reflectivity of surfaces in LEED sustainable-rating systems for buildings. The average overall albedo of Earth, its planetary albedo, is 30 to 35% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features.The term was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.