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... Averaged over the duration of a year, the incoming energy from the sun is highest at the equator and lowest at the poles. In addition, the poles reflect more energy because of the light coloured reflective snow and ice surfaces, compared to lower latitudes, where the surface absorbs more energy. Win ...
... Averaged over the duration of a year, the incoming energy from the sun is highest at the equator and lowest at the poles. In addition, the poles reflect more energy because of the light coloured reflective snow and ice surfaces, compared to lower latitudes, where the surface absorbs more energy. Win ...
Lesson 4. Energy in
... local weather and, in the long term, the climate. Radiation from the sun reaches the Earth and some of this radiation is absorbed by the Earth and warms it up. A steady state, or radiation balance (in a web-based format, key bolded terms could be formatted as interactive rollovers), is reached where ...
... local weather and, in the long term, the climate. Radiation from the sun reaches the Earth and some of this radiation is absorbed by the Earth and warms it up. A steady state, or radiation balance (in a web-based format, key bolded terms could be formatted as interactive rollovers), is reached where ...
Enhancement of the albedo of low stratus marine clouds
... surface of the earth [Charlson et al., 1987]. Such surfaces have a surface albedo, ↵p of 0.3 to 0.7 on average. Salter et al, (2008) suggested that by using a fleet of unmanned wind driven spray vessels, micron sized drops of seawater could be released into the turbulent boundary layer beneath a mar ...
... surface of the earth [Charlson et al., 1987]. Such surfaces have a surface albedo, ↵p of 0.3 to 0.7 on average. Salter et al, (2008) suggested that by using a fleet of unmanned wind driven spray vessels, micron sized drops of seawater could be released into the turbulent boundary layer beneath a mar ...
Combined biogeophysical and biogeochemical
... Studies of the net effect of historical land cover change on global temperature have shown that biogeophysical and biogeochemical mechanisms are of the same order of magnitude (Matthews et al., 2004; Brovkin et al., 2006). Therefore, in order to quantifiy the impacts of large scale land cover change ...
... Studies of the net effect of historical land cover change on global temperature have shown that biogeophysical and biogeochemical mechanisms are of the same order of magnitude (Matthews et al., 2004; Brovkin et al., 2006). Therefore, in order to quantifiy the impacts of large scale land cover change ...
X-Ray and Neutron Reflectivity - Physik der molekularen und
... fashion. Moreover, for neutrons a contrast even between different isotopes of one and the same chemical element can be obtained. The most famous example is the large difference in b between 1 H and 2 D, i.e. hydrogen with protons or deuterons as nuclei. Since hydrogen is ubiquitous in organic matter ...
... fashion. Moreover, for neutrons a contrast even between different isotopes of one and the same chemical element can be obtained. The most famous example is the large difference in b between 1 H and 2 D, i.e. hydrogen with protons or deuterons as nuclei. Since hydrogen is ubiquitous in organic matter ...
Radiative Forcing: negative
... Imagine you and your partner get offers to work for a new progressive company. They use a pay scale with ‘incentives’. You will get paid: $35,000 5,000 depending on your performance and your partner will get paid $75,000 60,000 . Calculate you and your partner’s total salary. ...
... Imagine you and your partner get offers to work for a new progressive company. They use a pay scale with ‘incentives’. You will get paid: $35,000 5,000 depending on your performance and your partner will get paid $75,000 60,000 . Calculate you and your partner’s total salary. ...
Assessing the impact of late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions on
... until approximately 11.7 ky ago) witnessed an important transitional period as the Earth system emerged from extended periods of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. This tranSolid Earth sition involved major changes in the land surface configuration as receding continental ice sheets gave way to the exp ...
... until approximately 11.7 ky ago) witnessed an important transitional period as the Earth system emerged from extended periods of Northern Hemisphere glaciation. This tranSolid Earth sition involved major changes in the land surface configuration as receding continental ice sheets gave way to the exp ...
climate and the earth`s radiation budget
... Now let us include a well-known feedback in the above thought experiment. The emission depends upon water vapor as well as carbon dioxide. As the Earth's surface warms, water evaporates more rapidly from the surface. To keep the process near equilibrium, more water must condense. However, the net re ...
... Now let us include a well-known feedback in the above thought experiment. The emission depends upon water vapor as well as carbon dioxide. As the Earth's surface warms, water evaporates more rapidly from the surface. To keep the process near equilibrium, more water must condense. However, the net re ...
Quantifying surface albedo and other direct biogeophysical climate
... By altering fluxes of heat, momentum, and moisture exchanges between the land surface and atmosphere, forestry and other land-use activities affect climate. Although long recognized scientifically as being important, these so-called biogeophysical forcings are rarely included in climate policies for ...
... By altering fluxes of heat, momentum, and moisture exchanges between the land surface and atmosphere, forestry and other land-use activities affect climate. Although long recognized scientifically as being important, these so-called biogeophysical forcings are rarely included in climate policies for ...
impact of aerosols on the hydrological cycle
... particles from preindustrial times to the present-day. These aerosol particles can interact with clouds and precipitation by acting as cloud condensation or ice nuclei. Thus they have an influence on the radiative balance of the Earth-Atmosphere system but they could have an influence on the hydrolo ...
... particles from preindustrial times to the present-day. These aerosol particles can interact with clouds and precipitation by acting as cloud condensation or ice nuclei. Thus they have an influence on the radiative balance of the Earth-Atmosphere system but they could have an influence on the hydrolo ...
Climate Change and Protection of the Habitat: Empirical Evidence
... Certain polyatomic gases such as water vapour and carbon dioxide absorb the infrared energy from the surface and thus inhibit its escape to space. As a result not as much infrared energy escapes to space to balance the net incoming solar. I think the way the greenhouse effect works is similar to tha ...
... Certain polyatomic gases such as water vapour and carbon dioxide absorb the infrared energy from the surface and thus inhibit its escape to space. As a result not as much infrared energy escapes to space to balance the net incoming solar. I think the way the greenhouse effect works is similar to tha ...
Observed Cloud Cover Trends and Global
... role ofstratiform clouds incloud the climate system is oneSW of radiation have increased in over midlatitude oceans the biggest uncertainties understanding future climate change • low-level stratiform cloud cover and reflected SW • satellite and surface data have been radiationradiation have decreas ...
... role ofstratiform clouds incloud the climate system is oneSW of radiation have increased in over midlatitude oceans the biggest uncertainties understanding future climate change • low-level stratiform cloud cover and reflected SW • satellite and surface data have been radiationradiation have decreas ...
On the persistent spread in snow-albedo feedback
... To constrain Das =DT s in the CMIP3 models (and hence their SAF, since this is the term in which the feedback spread is concentrated), Hall and Qu (2006) examined seasonal variations of NH continental surface albedo associated with the springtime warming. Their premise is that SAF would behave sim ...
... To constrain Das =DT s in the CMIP3 models (and hence their SAF, since this is the term in which the feedback spread is concentrated), Hall and Qu (2006) examined seasonal variations of NH continental surface albedo associated with the springtime warming. Their premise is that SAF would behave sim ...
Quantifying the contribution of land use change to surface
... over various land surface types under different climate backgrounds (Biggs et al., 2008; Luyssaert et al., 2014). To understand the influence of LULCC, it is important to quantify the contributions of different surface factors for each type of land use. Juang et al. (2007) proposed the method to dec ...
... over various land surface types under different climate backgrounds (Biggs et al., 2008; Luyssaert et al., 2014). To understand the influence of LULCC, it is important to quantify the contributions of different surface factors for each type of land use. Juang et al. (2007) proposed the method to dec ...
What Controls the Strength of Snow-Albedo Feedback?
... prescribed according to vegetation type and then modified depending on whether snow is sticking to the canopy, and the overall surface albedo is a weighted mean of canopy albedo and ground albedo, with weights given by the fraction of vegetation coverage. In both types 1 and 2, ground albedo is give ...
... prescribed according to vegetation type and then modified depending on whether snow is sticking to the canopy, and the overall surface albedo is a weighted mean of canopy albedo and ground albedo, with weights given by the fraction of vegetation coverage. In both types 1 and 2, ground albedo is give ...
Sea Ice–Albedo Feedback and Nonlinear Arctic Climate Change
... seasonal cycle and other variability allow sampling of various ice-cover states at any given long-term mean temperature, smoothing the relationship. For simplicity, let us take this smoothed section to be linear and call it the ramp. The slope of the ramp depends on the drop in albedo between its en ...
... seasonal cycle and other variability allow sampling of various ice-cover states at any given long-term mean temperature, smoothing the relationship. For simplicity, let us take this smoothed section to be linear and call it the ramp. The slope of the ramp depends on the drop in albedo between its en ...
powerpoint presentation
... – Increased ice and snow cover increases albedo • (Positive coupling, denoted by arrow) – Increased albedo decreases temperature of atmos. • (negative coupling, denoted by circle) – Decreased temperature of atmos. Causes ice increase • (negative coupling, denoted by circle) – Two negatives cancel to ...
... – Increased ice and snow cover increases albedo • (Positive coupling, denoted by arrow) – Increased albedo decreases temperature of atmos. • (negative coupling, denoted by circle) – Decreased temperature of atmos. Causes ice increase • (negative coupling, denoted by circle) – Two negatives cancel to ...
Clouds and Climate
... with some of the feedback loops mentioned above, is outlined in Figure 9. The strength of the feedbacks is uncertain. In a recent review paper on greenhouse warming, John Mitchell, of the United Kingdom Meteorological Office in Bracknell, England, says that the formation of clouds and their radiativ ...
... with some of the feedback loops mentioned above, is outlined in Figure 9. The strength of the feedbacks is uncertain. In a recent review paper on greenhouse warming, John Mitchell, of the United Kingdom Meteorological Office in Bracknell, England, says that the formation of clouds and their radiativ ...
Surface Contribution to Planetary Albedo Variability in Cryosphere
... surface albedo in cryosphere regions changes significantly on these time scales because of fluctuations in sea ice and snow. These surface albedo variations may be damped by the atmosphere just as the surface contribution to climatological planetary albedo is attenuated by the atmosphere. It is uncl ...
... surface albedo in cryosphere regions changes significantly on these time scales because of fluctuations in sea ice and snow. These surface albedo variations may be damped by the atmosphere just as the surface contribution to climatological planetary albedo is attenuated by the atmosphere. It is uncl ...
Greenhouse Effect - Scientist in Residence
... Surface albedo: Just as some clouds reflect solar energy into space, so do light-colored land surfaces. This surface albedo effect strongly influences the absorption of sunlight. Snow and ice cover are highly reflective, as are light-colored deserts. Large expanses of reflective surfaces can signifi ...
... Surface albedo: Just as some clouds reflect solar energy into space, so do light-colored land surfaces. This surface albedo effect strongly influences the absorption of sunlight. Snow and ice cover are highly reflective, as are light-colored deserts. Large expanses of reflective surfaces can signifi ...
Modeling the Impact of Afforestation on Global Climate: A 2
... initiatives such as the Billion Tree Campaign, led by the United Nations Environment Programme, have raised awareness about the carbon-sequestration potential of large-scale plantations, leading to increased interest in afforestation as an effective means of climate change mitigation. However, a gro ...
... initiatives such as the Billion Tree Campaign, led by the United Nations Environment Programme, have raised awareness about the carbon-sequestration potential of large-scale plantations, leading to increased interest in afforestation as an effective means of climate change mitigation. However, a gro ...
Albedo
Albedo (/ælˈbiːdoʊ/), or reflection coefficient, derived from Latin albedo ""whiteness"" (or reflected sunlight) in turn from albus ""white"", is the diffuse reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface.It is the ratio of reflected radiation from the surface to incident radiation upon it. Its dimensionless nature lets it be expressed as a percentage and is measured on a scale from zero for no reflection of a perfectly black surface to 1 for perfect reflection of a white surface.Albedo depends on the frequency of the radiation. When quoted unqualified, it usually refers to some appropriate average across the spectrum of visible light. In general, the albedo depends on the directional distribution of incident radiation, except for Lambertian surfaces, which scatter radiation in all directions according to a cosine function and therefore have an albedo that is independent of the incident distribution. In practice, a bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) may be required to accurately characterize the scattering properties of a surface, but albedo is very useful as a first approximation.The albedo is an important concept in climatology, astronomy, and calculating reflectivity of surfaces in LEED sustainable-rating systems for buildings. The average overall albedo of Earth, its planetary albedo, is 30 to 35% because of cloud cover, but widely varies locally across the surface because of different geological and environmental features.The term was introduced into optics by Johann Heinrich Lambert in his 1760 work Photometria.