The Hollow of Being. What can we learn from Maurice Merleau
... made” is “the wild Being” (); it is wild because it lacks the positivity, firmness, and definiteness of a thing, because it does not submit to the differentiations imposed upon it, especially the difference of subject and object. Starting from this wild Being, the inconsistencies arising from the con ...
... made” is “the wild Being” (); it is wild because it lacks the positivity, firmness, and definiteness of a thing, because it does not submit to the differentiations imposed upon it, especially the difference of subject and object. Starting from this wild Being, the inconsistencies arising from the con ...
Simmel and Weber as ideal- typical founders of sociology
... become impossible to eradicate. In order to attain any goal in the domain of science, one has to be a specialist nowadays, a Fachmensch, in possession of extremely precise and specific esoteric factual knowledge, however dry and insignificant these detailed facts may be. It is true that Weber mentio ...
... become impossible to eradicate. In order to attain any goal in the domain of science, one has to be a specialist nowadays, a Fachmensch, in possession of extremely precise and specific esoteric factual knowledge, however dry and insignificant these detailed facts may be. It is true that Weber mentio ...
the tension between aristotle_s theories
... objects and their well-known goals32. The treatise De Anima is built upon a broad set of similes and metaphors, all used to explain the most difficult doctrinal points33: the unity of body and soul is conceived as the unity of a circle and its tangent at a point34, and as the unity of a wax tablet a ...
... objects and their well-known goals32. The treatise De Anima is built upon a broad set of similes and metaphors, all used to explain the most difficult doctrinal points33: the unity of body and soul is conceived as the unity of a circle and its tangent at a point34, and as the unity of a wax tablet a ...
Pierre Duhem`s Virtue Epistemology
... assumptions and draw on other theories involved in setting up the test. We do not directly falsify a hypotheses, but rather we only know that we made a mistake somewhere in our system of beliefs. For example, we assumed that nature's abhorrence of a vacuum would not change with increasing altitude, ...
... assumptions and draw on other theories involved in setting up the test. We do not directly falsify a hypotheses, but rather we only know that we made a mistake somewhere in our system of beliefs. For example, we assumed that nature's abhorrence of a vacuum would not change with increasing altitude, ...
Subjects, Objects, Data and Values
... deeply separated. The first seems to work very well. The second does not seem to work very well. Most physicists use the mathematics of the quantum theory with complete confidence and completely ignore the philosophy. I'm going to reverse that and concentrate on the philosophy and bypass the math. I ...
... deeply separated. The first seems to work very well. The second does not seem to work very well. Most physicists use the mathematics of the quantum theory with complete confidence and completely ignore the philosophy. I'm going to reverse that and concentrate on the philosophy and bypass the math. I ...
Nursi`s Ideas On Science Development In Muslim Countries
... A combination of religious and science education also made Nursi became a scholar with two faces of knowledge competency: traditional religious sciences and modern sciences. This two faces of knowledge competency allows Nursi to produce a unique and monumental masterpiece, the Risale-i Nur (The Trea ...
... A combination of religious and science education also made Nursi became a scholar with two faces of knowledge competency: traditional religious sciences and modern sciences. This two faces of knowledge competency allows Nursi to produce a unique and monumental masterpiece, the Risale-i Nur (The Trea ...
The Importance of Being Earnest: Scepticism and the Limits of
... although he accepts to qualify truth as the regulative limit towards which knowledge is constantly proceeding, because he abandons an imagist conception of it. Ultimate truth is indeed unattainable but is not unapproachable. On the contrary, scientific truth is precisely what regulates the dynamic o ...
... although he accepts to qualify truth as the regulative limit towards which knowledge is constantly proceeding, because he abandons an imagist conception of it. Ultimate truth is indeed unattainable but is not unapproachable. On the contrary, scientific truth is precisely what regulates the dynamic o ...
The epistemological tradition in French sociology
... sociologists were autodidacts. Because of philosophy’s dominant position in the French academic hierarchy, French sociologists had to use their philosophical capital in order to gain academic recognition. Some of them made allies with the philosophers, others as Durkheim and Bourdieu challenged phil ...
... sociologists were autodidacts. Because of philosophy’s dominant position in the French academic hierarchy, French sociologists had to use their philosophical capital in order to gain academic recognition. Some of them made allies with the philosophers, others as Durkheim and Bourdieu challenged phil ...
Ancient Skepticism, for
... Notably, this proposal does not acknowledge cases where, given how much is at stake and given how the arguments play out, we have fully understood what is right and wrong. Consider what the ancient skeptics would say in response to an argument often made against contemporary moral skepticism: you sa ...
... Notably, this proposal does not acknowledge cases where, given how much is at stake and given how the arguments play out, we have fully understood what is right and wrong. Consider what the ancient skeptics would say in response to an argument often made against contemporary moral skepticism: you sa ...
Facts, values and climate change
... reasoning about what to make of evidence, properly constrained by respect for the evidence”. People could have different views of what constitutes respect for the evidence. My interpretation is: taking measurements, theories, models and publications serious. I am not sure whether you could consider ...
... reasoning about what to make of evidence, properly constrained by respect for the evidence”. People could have different views of what constitutes respect for the evidence. My interpretation is: taking measurements, theories, models and publications serious. I am not sure whether you could consider ...
Philosophy as Dependable Analysis:
... between sciences, it explains the way reality itself guarantees that the results of these different scientific investigations will be interconnected. Philosophy identifies what is common to them all as they go about their special scientific work formulating theories, testing hypotheses, building con ...
... between sciences, it explains the way reality itself guarantees that the results of these different scientific investigations will be interconnected. Philosophy identifies what is common to them all as they go about their special scientific work formulating theories, testing hypotheses, building con ...
Has Science Established that the Cosmos is Physically
... physical theory, in order to be accepted as a part of theoretical scientific knowledge, must satisfy two criteria. It must be (1) sufficiently empirically successful, and (2) sufficiently unified. Given any accepted theory of physics, endlessly many empirically more successful disunified rivals can ...
... physical theory, in order to be accepted as a part of theoretical scientific knowledge, must satisfy two criteria. It must be (1) sufficiently empirically successful, and (2) sufficiently unified. Given any accepted theory of physics, endlessly many empirically more successful disunified rivals can ...
Has Science Established that the Cosmos is Physically
... physical theory, in order to be accepted as a part of theoretical scientific knowledge, must satisfy two criteria. It must be (1) sufficiently empirically successful, and (2) sufficiently unified. Given any accepted theory of physics, endlessly many empirically more successful disunified rivals can ...
... physical theory, in order to be accepted as a part of theoretical scientific knowledge, must satisfy two criteria. It must be (1) sufficiently empirically successful, and (2) sufficiently unified. Given any accepted theory of physics, endlessly many empirically more successful disunified rivals can ...
Has Science Established that the Cosmos is Physically
... empirically successful as T. In order to concoct such a rival, T1 say, all we need to do is modify T in an entirely ad hoc way for phenomena that occur after some future date. Thus, if T is Newtonian theory (NT), NT1 might assert: everything occurs as NT predicts until the first moment of 2050 (GMT) ...
... empirically successful as T. In order to concoct such a rival, T1 say, all we need to do is modify T in an entirely ad hoc way for phenomena that occur after some future date. Thus, if T is Newtonian theory (NT), NT1 might assert: everything occurs as NT predicts until the first moment of 2050 (GMT) ...
Redefining Philosophy through Assimilation
... philosophical projects, but in neither case was it a creatio ex nihilo. I will attempt here to demonstrate that those seeking to redefine philosophy in contemporary Japan and China, including Nishida and Mou, employed both Western and traditionally Asian ideas in creating their unique philosophies, ...
... philosophical projects, but in neither case was it a creatio ex nihilo. I will attempt here to demonstrate that those seeking to redefine philosophy in contemporary Japan and China, including Nishida and Mou, employed both Western and traditionally Asian ideas in creating their unique philosophies, ...
From The Heritage of Logical Positivism,
... science of ethics; developing such a science seemed to them the whole point of doing moral theory. It was quite natural, therefore, for Henry Sidgwick to being the Methods of Ethics by assuming (without argument) "...that there is something under any given circumstances which it is right or reasonab ...
... science of ethics; developing such a science seemed to them the whole point of doing moral theory. It was quite natural, therefore, for Henry Sidgwick to being the Methods of Ethics by assuming (without argument) "...that there is something under any given circumstances which it is right or reasonab ...
The Issue of Correspondence between Scientific Law and Ultimate
... Consciousness—the subject of the Phenomenology of Spirit3—fully realizes the gap between the world of Kantian scientific law and the noumenal world in the section of the Phenomenology entitled “Force and the Understanding”. But whereas Kant’s knowing self was content with the mere acknowledgement of ...
... Consciousness—the subject of the Phenomenology of Spirit3—fully realizes the gap between the world of Kantian scientific law and the noumenal world in the section of the Phenomenology entitled “Force and the Understanding”. But whereas Kant’s knowing self was content with the mere acknowledgement of ...
On the Indispensable Premises of the Indispensability - Hal-SHS
... redundant for drawing the conclusion, and confirmational holism to justify the alldirection. Whether this is so hinges on how the notions involved are defined. So far, we are confronted with representatives of two different stances on IA. On the one hand, Putnam is concerned with logico-syntactical ...
... redundant for drawing the conclusion, and confirmational holism to justify the alldirection. Whether this is so hinges on how the notions involved are defined. So far, we are confronted with representatives of two different stances on IA. On the one hand, Putnam is concerned with logico-syntactical ...
18 Unconventional Essays on the Nature of Mathematics
... group of computer scientists known as the QED Project. This dormant project had as its original stated goal: to computerize all of mathematics! Hales’ new project, the Flyspeck Project, proposes to do a computer coding and verification of his proof of the Kepler conjecture—a proof which, in ordinary ...
... group of computer scientists known as the QED Project. This dormant project had as its original stated goal: to computerize all of mathematics! Hales’ new project, the Flyspeck Project, proposes to do a computer coding and verification of his proof of the Kepler conjecture—a proof which, in ordinary ...
How do logic and argument play a role in developing humour
... news. In his opinion the fact that the fish tasted nice was good news even thought to the other character there would have been no good news because his fish had been killed. This argument presented in the comic is not apart from an argument chain. The only conclusion that arises is the fish’s death ...
... news. In his opinion the fact that the fish tasted nice was good news even thought to the other character there would have been no good news because his fish had been killed. This argument presented in the comic is not apart from an argument chain. The only conclusion that arises is the fish’s death ...
What is Existential-Phenomenology
... question of finding a method which will enable us to think at the same time of the externality which is the principle of the sciences of man and of the internality which is the condition of philosophy, of the contingencies without which there is no situation as well as of the rational certainty wit ...
... question of finding a method which will enable us to think at the same time of the externality which is the principle of the sciences of man and of the internality which is the condition of philosophy, of the contingencies without which there is no situation as well as of the rational certainty wit ...
Confirming Mathematical Theories: an
... is employed in the standard arguments for scientific realism. In the next section I will consider the extent to which these two features carry over to the setting of pure mathematics. 2.3. Explanatory Value and Evidential Relevance The two features of confirmation that are typically used in justifyi ...
... is employed in the standard arguments for scientific realism. In the next section I will consider the extent to which these two features carry over to the setting of pure mathematics. 2.3. Explanatory Value and Evidential Relevance The two features of confirmation that are typically used in justifyi ...
John Locke and the Changing Ideal of Scientific Knowledge
... science is certain knowledge of the real essences of things. Two epistemological assumptions lie at the heart of this view: (1) that the world corresponds to our conceptions, and (2) that, consequently, it is possible for us to know the real natures of essences of substances existing in the world. T ...
... science is certain knowledge of the real essences of things. Two epistemological assumptions lie at the heart of this view: (1) that the world corresponds to our conceptions, and (2) that, consequently, it is possible for us to know the real natures of essences of substances existing in the world. T ...
Popper`s Double Standard of Scientificity in
... order to account for them (a method that had already been found suspect). And despite their devastating criticism of Popper’s falsifiability, the issue remained open; the debates focused on the shortcomings of the alternative theories (“incommensurability” (Kuhn), “anything goes” (Feyerabend), “a wh ...
... order to account for them (a method that had already been found suspect). And despite their devastating criticism of Popper’s falsifiability, the issue remained open; the debates focused on the shortcomings of the alternative theories (“incommensurability” (Kuhn), “anything goes” (Feyerabend), “a wh ...
Laruelle, Art, and the Scientific Model
... generic' (or what for Laruelle would be a Non-aesthetics) might be made intelligible for artistic practice, and also because it will help to understand how Laruelle establishes the 'generic science' of Non-philosophy. There have already been several attempts to compare the work of Laruelle and Althu ...
... generic' (or what for Laruelle would be a Non-aesthetics) might be made intelligible for artistic practice, and also because it will help to understand how Laruelle establishes the 'generic science' of Non-philosophy. There have already been several attempts to compare the work of Laruelle and Althu ...
Philosophy of science
Philosophy of science is a branch of philosophy concerned with the foundations, methods, and implications of science. The central questions of this study concern what qualifies as science, the reliability of scientific theories, and the ultimate purpose of science. This discipline overlaps with metaphysics, ontology, and epistemology, for example, when it explores the relationship between science and truth.There is no consensus among philosophers about many of the central problems concerned with the philosophy of science, including whether science can reveal the truth about unobservable things and whether scientific reasoning can be justified at all. In addition to these general questions about science as a whole, philosophers of science consider problems that apply to particular sciences (such as biology or physics). Some philosophers of science also use contemporary results in science to reach conclusions about philosophy itself.While relevant philosophical thought dates back at least to the time of Aristotle, philosophy of science emerged as a distinct discipline only in the middle of the 20th century in the wake of the logical positivism movement, which aimed to formulate criteria for ensuring all philosophical statements' meaningfulness and objectively assessing them. Thomas Kuhn's book The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962) brought into the mainstream the word ""paradigm"", meaning the set of concepts that define a scientific discipline in a particular period. In his book, Kuhn challenged the established view of ""scientific progress as a gradual, cumulative acquisition of knowledge based on rationally chosen experimental frameworks"".In the 21st century, someTemplate:Which? thinkers seek to ground science in axiomatic assumptions, such as the uniformity of nature. Many philosophers of science, however, take a coherentist approach to science, in which a theory is validated if it makes sense of observations as part of a coherent whole. Still others, and Paul Feyerabend (1924-1994) in particular, argue that there is no such thing as the ""scientific method"", so all approaches to science should be allowed, including explicitly supernatural ones. (Feyerabend remains in the minority among philosophers of science.) Another approach to thinking about science involves studying how knowledge is created from a sociological perspective, an approach represented by scholars like David Bloor and Barry Barnes. Finally, a tradition in Continental philosophy approaches science from the perspective of a rigorous analysis of human experience.Philosophies of the particular sciences range from questions about the nature of time raised by Einstein's general relativity, to the implications of economics for public policy. A central theme is whether one scientific discipline can be reduced to the terms of another. That is, can chemistry be reduced to physics, or can sociology be reduced to individual psychology? The general questions of philosophy of science also arise with greater specificity in some particular sciences. For instance, the question of the validity of scientific reasoning is seen in a different guise in the foundations of statistics. The question of what counts as science and what should be excluded arises as a life-or-death matter in the philosophy of medicine. Additionally, the philosophies of biology, of psychology, and of the social sciences explore whether the scientific studies of human nature can achieve objectivity or are inevitably shaped by values and by social relations.