Relevance of sexual dimorphism to regulatory T cells: estradiol
... lipids and glycolipid ligands presented by the nonpolymorphic ...
... lipids and glycolipid ligands presented by the nonpolymorphic ...
Thioaptamer decoy targeting of AP-1 proteins influences cytokine
... Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is caused by a number of viruses, including arenaviruses. The pathogenesis is believed to involve dysregulation of cytokine production. The arenaviruses Lassa virus and Pichinde virus have a tropism for macrophages and other reticuloendothelial cells and both appear to ...
... Viral haemorrhagic fever (VHF) is caused by a number of viruses, including arenaviruses. The pathogenesis is believed to involve dysregulation of cytokine production. The arenaviruses Lassa virus and Pichinde virus have a tropism for macrophages and other reticuloendothelial cells and both appear to ...
Two-zone tumor tolerance can arise from a simple
... to avoid harm caused by their continual presence. (5) The phenomenon of anergy, in which lymphocytes such as B and T cells fail to respond to their specific antigen, might suggest additional regulatory mechanisms [24]. On the other hand, it could be argued that autoimmune diseases contradict this dy ...
... to avoid harm caused by their continual presence. (5) The phenomenon of anergy, in which lymphocytes such as B and T cells fail to respond to their specific antigen, might suggest additional regulatory mechanisms [24]. On the other hand, it could be argued that autoimmune diseases contradict this dy ...
09-ACUTE INFLAMMATION.morphology, pptx
... hereditary deficiency of complement components, especially C3 (critical for both the classical and alternative pathways), results in an increased susceptibility to infection with pyogenic bacteria. Inherited deficiencies of C1q, C2, and C4 do not make individuals susceptible to infections, but they ...
... hereditary deficiency of complement components, especially C3 (critical for both the classical and alternative pathways), results in an increased susceptibility to infection with pyogenic bacteria. Inherited deficiencies of C1q, C2, and C4 do not make individuals susceptible to infections, but they ...
Licentiate thesis from the Department of Immunology
... Granuloma formation is the hallmark of M. tuberculosis infection. Granulomas are formed in response to chronic local antigenic stimulation, and can be observed in different infectious diseases, including schistosomiasis, leprosy, and leishmaniasis (Reyes-Flores, 1986; Modlin and Rea, 1988; Palma and ...
... Granuloma formation is the hallmark of M. tuberculosis infection. Granulomas are formed in response to chronic local antigenic stimulation, and can be observed in different infectious diseases, including schistosomiasis, leprosy, and leishmaniasis (Reyes-Flores, 1986; Modlin and Rea, 1988; Palma and ...
C-type lectins in immunity: recent developments
... discovery that these receptors play critical functions in anti-fungal immunity [8]. In fact our understanding of anti-fungal immunity has significantly increased over the last decade, and we now understand that Th1 effector cells are critical in anti-fungal immunity, particularly from systemic infec ...
... discovery that these receptors play critical functions in anti-fungal immunity [8]. In fact our understanding of anti-fungal immunity has significantly increased over the last decade, and we now understand that Th1 effector cells are critical in anti-fungal immunity, particularly from systemic infec ...
Epithelial antimicrobial peptides and proteins: their role in
... Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands KEYWORDS epithelium, antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial proteins, defensins, infection, inflammation ...
... Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands KEYWORDS epithelium, antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial proteins, defensins, infection, inflammation ...
the lymphatic system and immunity
... not out. Instead of intercellular clefts separating adjacent endothelial cells, lymphatic capillary endothelium overlaps like shingles, forming a type of one-way valve that allows fluid to move into the capillary only. When pressure is greater inside the lymphatic capillary than in the interstitial ...
... not out. Instead of intercellular clefts separating adjacent endothelial cells, lymphatic capillary endothelium overlaps like shingles, forming a type of one-way valve that allows fluid to move into the capillary only. When pressure is greater inside the lymphatic capillary than in the interstitial ...
The role of Th1/Th2 polarization in mucosal immunity
... (IgA)-committed B cells (Fig. 1). There tions. However, large mucosal surfaces (for example, greater than 300 m2 in human gut) are continu- are two different important outcomes of immune responses ously exposed to millions of potentially harmful antigens from generated by organized lymphoid structur ...
... (IgA)-committed B cells (Fig. 1). There tions. However, large mucosal surfaces (for example, greater than 300 m2 in human gut) are continu- are two different important outcomes of immune responses ously exposed to millions of potentially harmful antigens from generated by organized lymphoid structur ...
Cutting Edge: CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides Trigger Protective and
... response in Leishmania major infection, a model for a lethal Th2-driven disease, in BALB/c mice. CpG-ODN induced Th1 effector T cells in vitro and conveyed protective immunity to disease-prone BALB/c mice in vivo. Conversion to a Th1driven resistant phenotype was associated with IL-12 production and ...
... response in Leishmania major infection, a model for a lethal Th2-driven disease, in BALB/c mice. CpG-ODN induced Th1 effector T cells in vitro and conveyed protective immunity to disease-prone BALB/c mice in vivo. Conversion to a Th1driven resistant phenotype was associated with IL-12 production and ...
Role of Regulatory T-cells in Oral Tolerance and Immunotherapy
... of Tregs which protect against contact hypersensitivity. The activation of tolerogenic DCs also induces the production of yet further Tregs. The active role of DCs in the induction of different subsets of Tregs has been supported by several studies [36,37], showing that Tregs are induced via a TGF-β ...
... of Tregs which protect against contact hypersensitivity. The activation of tolerogenic DCs also induces the production of yet further Tregs. The active role of DCs in the induction of different subsets of Tregs has been supported by several studies [36,37], showing that Tregs are induced via a TGF-β ...
Chemokines, innate and adaptive immunity, and respiratory disease REVIEW I. Sabroe
... eosinophils are simply a bystander in asthma inflammation, but it does suggest that targeting multiple cell types with CKRAs that block more than one chemokine receptor may be appropriate. Prototype drugs with these sorts of activities have already been described [3]. Also, as it is probably true th ...
... eosinophils are simply a bystander in asthma inflammation, but it does suggest that targeting multiple cell types with CKRAs that block more than one chemokine receptor may be appropriate. Prototype drugs with these sorts of activities have already been described [3]. Also, as it is probably true th ...
Jeopardy - Waukee Community School District Blogs
... B cells and Killer T cells B cells produce antibodies Killer T cells destroy infected cells Suppressor T cells turn off production of helper T cells ...
... B cells and Killer T cells B cells produce antibodies Killer T cells destroy infected cells Suppressor T cells turn off production of helper T cells ...
Mendelian traits causing susceptibility to mucocutaneous fungal
... induction of signaling Dectin-1 is thought to play a pivotal role in mucosal antifungal defense in human subjects and mice.37-40 Being a PRR, dectin-1 signaling activates innate immune responses, such as phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines ...
... induction of signaling Dectin-1 is thought to play a pivotal role in mucosal antifungal defense in human subjects and mice.37-40 Being a PRR, dectin-1 signaling activates innate immune responses, such as phagocytosis and production of reactive oxygen species and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines ...
Signalling mechanisms in B cell differentiation
... genes and start to express surface immunoglobulin (sIg). The first B cell subset is called Pro-B cell and at that stage the V-D-J rearrangement takes place. The Pro-B cell then becomes a pre-pre B cell and expresses the µ heavy chain on its surface. By now, the B cell starts to express genes that co ...
... genes and start to express surface immunoglobulin (sIg). The first B cell subset is called Pro-B cell and at that stage the V-D-J rearrangement takes place. The Pro-B cell then becomes a pre-pre B cell and expresses the µ heavy chain on its surface. By now, the B cell starts to express genes that co ...
Role of T Follicular Helper (Tfh) Cells Plasticity in
... for hepatitis C virus. There is a strong correlation between hepatitis C infection and thyroid autoimmunity However, the mechanism by which hepatitis C virus triggering autoimmune thyroiditis in susceptible individuals still unknown. Several suggested mechanisms have been proposed for production thy ...
... for hepatitis C virus. There is a strong correlation between hepatitis C infection and thyroid autoimmunity However, the mechanism by which hepatitis C virus triggering autoimmune thyroiditis in susceptible individuals still unknown. Several suggested mechanisms have been proposed for production thy ...
Differential In Situ Cytokine Profiles of Langerhans
... Fig 2. Identification of cellular origin of cytokines in LCH biopsies. Double immunohistochemical labeling was used to determine cytokine profiles of T cells and LCH cells in frozen sections of LCH biopsies. IL-1a (red) is not produced by CD31 T cells (blue), as shown by the absence of intermediate ...
... Fig 2. Identification of cellular origin of cytokines in LCH biopsies. Double immunohistochemical labeling was used to determine cytokine profiles of T cells and LCH cells in frozen sections of LCH biopsies. IL-1a (red) is not produced by CD31 T cells (blue), as shown by the absence of intermediate ...
The Lymph Node B Cell Immune Response
... thousand activated cells. This is in accordance with the known data, considering that cells divide at a rate of one division about every eight hours [4]. Following this process, many of the lymphocytes die. However, some of the B cells differentiate into plasma cells and migrate to the Medullary Cor ...
... thousand activated cells. This is in accordance with the known data, considering that cells divide at a rate of one division about every eight hours [4]. Following this process, many of the lymphocytes die. However, some of the B cells differentiate into plasma cells and migrate to the Medullary Cor ...
Antiviral Immunity in Amphibians
... Effector cells of innate immunity can eliminate infected cells by phagocytosis, release of active molecules and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Among innate effector cells involved in viral immunity are NK cells. These large granulocytic leukocytes play an important role based on their ability to direct ...
... Effector cells of innate immunity can eliminate infected cells by phagocytosis, release of active molecules and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Among innate effector cells involved in viral immunity are NK cells. These large granulocytic leukocytes play an important role based on their ability to direct ...
Mesenchymal stem cells in immunoregulation
... Figure 1 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) regulate lymphopoiesis and suppress immune response. Bone marrow MSC participate in the developmental process of both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes through growth factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules etc. Some crucial surface molecules, such as vascular cell ...
... Figure 1 Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) regulate lymphopoiesis and suppress immune response. Bone marrow MSC participate in the developmental process of both T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes through growth factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules etc. Some crucial surface molecules, such as vascular cell ...
UvA-DARE (Digital Academic Repository) C
... Fungi are ubiquitous in the environment. Some fungi, including Malassezia species (spp.), Candida spp., and Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly Pneumocystis carinii) have successfully established life-long commensal relationships with the human host, and colonize cutaneous and mucosal surfaces without ...
... Fungi are ubiquitous in the environment. Some fungi, including Malassezia species (spp.), Candida spp., and Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly Pneumocystis carinii) have successfully established life-long commensal relationships with the human host, and colonize cutaneous and mucosal surfaces without ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.