Article by Onur Boyman et al. Current Opin. Immunol. 2007
... IL-15 for slow turnover and survival, which reflects their int/hi expression levels of CD122 and IL-7Ra; most although not all of these cells are MHC-II-independent. At the memory CD4+ stage, TGF-b plays a negative role in inhibiting T-bet-induced expression of CD122. The positive (+) and negative ( ...
... IL-15 for slow turnover and survival, which reflects their int/hi expression levels of CD122 and IL-7Ra; most although not all of these cells are MHC-II-independent. At the memory CD4+ stage, TGF-b plays a negative role in inhibiting T-bet-induced expression of CD122. The positive (+) and negative ( ...
A Rough look at the tonsils and adenoids, for Bonny Peppa!
... located in a protective ring - called Waldeyer's ring under mucous membranes in the mouth and back of the throat surrounding the openings of the digestive and respiratory tracts. • Help protect against bacteria that may invade tissues in the area around the openings between the oral and nasal caviti ...
... located in a protective ring - called Waldeyer's ring under mucous membranes in the mouth and back of the throat surrounding the openings of the digestive and respiratory tracts. • Help protect against bacteria that may invade tissues in the area around the openings between the oral and nasal caviti ...
Immune responses to human papillomavirus
... immune effectors are recruited. Local parenchymal cells are recruited and local phagocytes are then activated to secrete inflammatory cytokines and other defense molecules. Crucially, dendritic cells, the only antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that can activate naı̈ve T lymphocytes, are activated to k ...
... immune effectors are recruited. Local parenchymal cells are recruited and local phagocytes are then activated to secrete inflammatory cytokines and other defense molecules. Crucially, dendritic cells, the only antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that can activate naı̈ve T lymphocytes, are activated to k ...
Poster
... The extracellular domain of TLR4 (purple/violet) is always in a complex with MD2 (charcoal/silver) on the cell surface (B, above). The binding of LPS causes two TLR-4/MD-2 complexes to interact to form a dimer (C, below). Hydrogen bonding occurs between the R2-OH on LPS and Gln 436 (Royal Blue) on T ...
... The extracellular domain of TLR4 (purple/violet) is always in a complex with MD2 (charcoal/silver) on the cell surface (B, above). The binding of LPS causes two TLR-4/MD-2 complexes to interact to form a dimer (C, below). Hydrogen bonding occurs between the R2-OH on LPS and Gln 436 (Royal Blue) on T ...
and anti-inflammatory phenomena in the physiopathology of type 2
... found in the AT[15]. Although a definitive standard set of markers for the identification of M2 cells is not available yet, a group of molecules often reported in the literature to be associated with this type of cell has been used, since adopting a single marker would be unrealistic[16]. Arginase-1 ...
... found in the AT[15]. Although a definitive standard set of markers for the identification of M2 cells is not available yet, a group of molecules often reported in the literature to be associated with this type of cell has been used, since adopting a single marker would be unrealistic[16]. Arginase-1 ...
A Doctor`s Guide to a Healthy Immune System
... During antibody responses, B cells become activated and secrete antibodies, which are proteins known as immunoglobulins. These antibodies circulate in the bloodstream and other body fluids, where they bind specifically to the foreign antigens that stimulated their production. This binding process ca ...
... During antibody responses, B cells become activated and secrete antibodies, which are proteins known as immunoglobulins. These antibodies circulate in the bloodstream and other body fluids, where they bind specifically to the foreign antigens that stimulated their production. This binding process ca ...
Loss of Anergic B Cells in Pre-diabetic and New Onset
... of positive charged amino acid residues in CDR3s of BCR of BNDs and naïve IBCs revealed that the BND cells have more positive charged amino acids than mature naïve cells (mean of 3 versus 1.5, respectively; p<0.001) (Fig 3B). Further, both BND and mature naïve IBCs had significantly more positive ch ...
... of positive charged amino acid residues in CDR3s of BCR of BNDs and naïve IBCs revealed that the BND cells have more positive charged amino acids than mature naïve cells (mean of 3 versus 1.5, respectively; p<0.001) (Fig 3B). Further, both BND and mature naïve IBCs had significantly more positive ch ...
The race between infection and immunity
... lymphocytic choriomenigitis virus (LCMV), and influenza virus infection, rapid T cell growth is detected by day 3 - 6 post-infection, and thereafter cell numbers double every 5-6 hours. Despite the ability of T cells to respond rapidly to these fast growing infectious agents, with slowly growing pat ...
... lymphocytic choriomenigitis virus (LCMV), and influenza virus infection, rapid T cell growth is detected by day 3 - 6 post-infection, and thereafter cell numbers double every 5-6 hours. Despite the ability of T cells to respond rapidly to these fast growing infectious agents, with slowly growing pat ...
PLGA manuscript_final submission
... significantly, ACVs are widely acknowledged to be less protective than WCVs and require the inclusion of adjuvants that induce Th-1 cells to boost protective immunity. The immune response in humans induced by current ACVs with aluminium as an ...
... significantly, ACVs are widely acknowledged to be less protective than WCVs and require the inclusion of adjuvants that induce Th-1 cells to boost protective immunity. The immune response in humans induced by current ACVs with aluminium as an ...
Enhancement of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity by fever
... effectors and tumor cells separately at 37°C or 39.5°C for 6 h before placing them together in a 6-h cytotoxicity assay at 37°C. Although incubation of just the target cells at elevated temperatures appeared to enhance cytotoxicity slightly more than incubation of just the NK cells at elevated tempe ...
... effectors and tumor cells separately at 37°C or 39.5°C for 6 h before placing them together in a 6-h cytotoxicity assay at 37°C. Although incubation of just the target cells at elevated temperatures appeared to enhance cytotoxicity slightly more than incubation of just the NK cells at elevated tempe ...
CD4 T-Cell Th1 Response
... in the cervical transformation zone (Pudney. Biol Reprod. 2005;73:1253) The most likely site of entry of HIV is the transformation zone ...
... in the cervical transformation zone (Pudney. Biol Reprod. 2005;73:1253) The most likely site of entry of HIV is the transformation zone ...
Chapter 3
... mainly IgM antibody. It is made by cells in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow and circulates in the blood and lymphatic system. IgM antibodies activate the complement system. IgM antibodies have a short half-life (5 days). The secondary immune response is faster and more powerful and is predominan ...
... mainly IgM antibody. It is made by cells in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow and circulates in the blood and lymphatic system. IgM antibodies activate the complement system. IgM antibodies have a short half-life (5 days). The secondary immune response is faster and more powerful and is predominan ...
RALPH STEINMAN AND THE DISCOVERY OF DENDRITIC CELLS
... which was unique. He suggested a model whereby cells with receptors for the toxins would recognize the toxins and then release excess toxin receptors into circulation. Ehrlich was also the first to frame the problem of diversity: if the immune system can respond to any invading organism and destroy ...
... which was unique. He suggested a model whereby cells with receptors for the toxins would recognize the toxins and then release excess toxin receptors into circulation. Ehrlich was also the first to frame the problem of diversity: if the immune system can respond to any invading organism and destroy ...
Implications of CTL-Mediated Killing of HIV
... 3] and the set-point level has been recognized to be an important predictor for disease progression [4]. Part of the difference in the control of HIV replication between patients has been attributed to varying efficacies of the patient’s immune responses to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediat ...
... 3] and the set-point level has been recognized to be an important predictor for disease progression [4]. Part of the difference in the control of HIV replication between patients has been attributed to varying efficacies of the patient’s immune responses to induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)-mediat ...
Gaucher iPSC-Derived Macrophages Produce Elevated Levels of
... obtained from bone marrow aspirates, but this is an invasive procedure, especially in pediatric populations. While patient macrophages can also be obtained from peripheral blood, these are postmitotic cells that cannot be propagated. GD fibroblasts have been widely used for disease modeling and drug ...
... obtained from bone marrow aspirates, but this is an invasive procedure, especially in pediatric populations. While patient macrophages can also be obtained from peripheral blood, these are postmitotic cells that cannot be propagated. GD fibroblasts have been widely used for disease modeling and drug ...
African trypanosomiasis vaccine II 15-9-2012
... antibody responses declined. IgG antibodies declined more rapidly. After the third parasitemia, only low levels of IgM anti-VSG antibodies were detectable. Schleifer and Mansfield [94] infected mice with T. b. rhodesiense and prepared spleen cell cultures from these mice. They measured the prolifer ...
... antibody responses declined. IgG antibodies declined more rapidly. After the third parasitemia, only low levels of IgM anti-VSG antibodies were detectable. Schleifer and Mansfield [94] infected mice with T. b. rhodesiense and prepared spleen cell cultures from these mice. They measured the prolifer ...
Macrophage programming and host responses to bacterial infection Xiao Wang 王潇
... Elie Metchnikoff in 1893 for their phagocytic feature during tissue inflammation [4]. Today there is a broad understanding that macrophages are heterogeneous populations with versatile tissue-specific or niche-specific functions [5]. These functions range from maintaining dedicated tissue homeostasi ...
... Elie Metchnikoff in 1893 for their phagocytic feature during tissue inflammation [4]. Today there is a broad understanding that macrophages are heterogeneous populations with versatile tissue-specific or niche-specific functions [5]. These functions range from maintaining dedicated tissue homeostasi ...
Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs) and Their Ligands
... that are generated by gene rearrangement. This mechanism allows the host to generate immunological memory. However, it takes time for specific clones to expand and differentiate into effector cells before they can serve for host defense. Therefore, the primary adaptive immune system cannot induce im ...
... that are generated by gene rearrangement. This mechanism allows the host to generate immunological memory. However, it takes time for specific clones to expand and differentiate into effector cells before they can serve for host defense. Therefore, the primary adaptive immune system cannot induce im ...
MDS Glossary - MDS Foundation
... separated out, and the remaining blood components are reinfused back into the donor. Aplastic Anemia A rare and serious condition in which the bone marrow does not make enough blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The term aplastic is a Greek word meaning not to form. Anemi ...
... separated out, and the remaining blood components are reinfused back into the donor. Aplastic Anemia A rare and serious condition in which the bone marrow does not make enough blood cells: red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. The term aplastic is a Greek word meaning not to form. Anemi ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.