The Expression of RALDH Enzymes by Small Intestinal Epithelial Cells
... amount of food antigens; whereas on the basal side the largest immune organ in the body, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), is awaiting (Wershil and Furuta, 2008). The main characteristic of the mucosal immune response in the gut is therefore a balance between an active suppression of immune ...
... amount of food antigens; whereas on the basal side the largest immune organ in the body, the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), is awaiting (Wershil and Furuta, 2008). The main characteristic of the mucosal immune response in the gut is therefore a balance between an active suppression of immune ...
Vitamin D Activates Two Key Immune Systems
... autoimmune diseases and reduce rejection of transplanted organs. Active T cells multiply at an explosive rate and can create runaway inflammation with serious, and sometimes—as in the state of sepsis that can follow a major infection—even fatal consequences. And after an organ transplant, T cells ma ...
... autoimmune diseases and reduce rejection of transplanted organs. Active T cells multiply at an explosive rate and can create runaway inflammation with serious, and sometimes—as in the state of sepsis that can follow a major infection—even fatal consequences. And after an organ transplant, T cells ma ...
Dynamics of the Immune Reaction to Pancreatic Cancer from
... foreign antigen have been well characterized and directly visualized in elegant studies (22, 23), and although theories abound regarding the naturally occurring in vivo immune responses to tumor cells during the course of disease progression, these responses have never been studied directly. Mouse m ...
... foreign antigen have been well characterized and directly visualized in elegant studies (22, 23), and although theories abound regarding the naturally occurring in vivo immune responses to tumor cells during the course of disease progression, these responses have never been studied directly. Mouse m ...
Immunity in the female sheep reproductive tract
... separated from the bipartite uterus by the cervix, with the uterus linked to the ovaries by the uterine tubes (Fig. 1). The urethra joins the reproductive tract at the base of the vagina and marks the boundary with the vestibule, making the vestibule common to both the reproductive and urinary tract ...
... separated from the bipartite uterus by the cervix, with the uterus linked to the ovaries by the uterine tubes (Fig. 1). The urethra joins the reproductive tract at the base of the vagina and marks the boundary with the vestibule, making the vestibule common to both the reproductive and urinary tract ...
Neutropenia and myeloma
... suspected sites of infection How is neutropenia treated? Neutropenia as a complication of the myeloma itself normally begins to improve with antimyeloma treatment. As treatment begins to bring your myeloma under control, your bone marrow is often able to recover and will start producing normal amoun ...
... suspected sites of infection How is neutropenia treated? Neutropenia as a complication of the myeloma itself normally begins to improve with antimyeloma treatment. As treatment begins to bring your myeloma under control, your bone marrow is often able to recover and will start producing normal amoun ...
Chapter 13 The Lymphatic System and Immunity
... Ingest and destroy foreign cells or other harmful substances via phagocytosis (Figure 13-11) Types • Neutrophils—short-lived phagocytic cells • Monocytes—develop into phagocytic macrophages and migrate to tissues (Figure 13-15) • Dendritic cells (DCs)—often found at or near external surfaces ...
... Ingest and destroy foreign cells or other harmful substances via phagocytosis (Figure 13-11) Types • Neutrophils—short-lived phagocytic cells • Monocytes—develop into phagocytic macrophages and migrate to tissues (Figure 13-15) • Dendritic cells (DCs)—often found at or near external surfaces ...
Evasive Mechanisms of Oral Microflora - e
... structures include-lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans and DNA. Recognition of these structures is dependent on genome-encoded host receptors that allow detection of non-self entities that can activate the host defense mechanisms. This innate recognition property can be avoided by steric-shielding o ...
... structures include-lipopolysaccharides, peptidoglycans and DNA. Recognition of these structures is dependent on genome-encoded host receptors that allow detection of non-self entities that can activate the host defense mechanisms. This innate recognition property can be avoided by steric-shielding o ...
Molecular mechanism of the migration of neutrophils in liver
... Neutrophils recruitment, mediated by integrins [10] and adhesion molecules play a key role in liver IR injury. Inhibiting integrins or adhesion molecules can significantly suppress the migration of the PMNs. L-selectin can regulate the leucocytes migration, L-selectin deficiency increases peripheral ...
... Neutrophils recruitment, mediated by integrins [10] and adhesion molecules play a key role in liver IR injury. Inhibiting integrins or adhesion molecules can significantly suppress the migration of the PMNs. L-selectin can regulate the leucocytes migration, L-selectin deficiency increases peripheral ...
Mucins expression in intestinal epithelial cells infected with
... mice when compared to wild-type mice (Hasnain et al., 2010). Toll-like receptors have been described as a second line of defense to parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal epithelium when compared to mucins (Moncada et al., 2011). TLRs activate signaling pathways that produce pro-inflammatory c ...
... mice when compared to wild-type mice (Hasnain et al., 2010). Toll-like receptors have been described as a second line of defense to parasitic infections of the gastrointestinal epithelium when compared to mucins (Moncada et al., 2011). TLRs activate signaling pathways that produce pro-inflammatory c ...
B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: A Bird of a Different Feather
... (IFN-␥), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-1) have all been detected.39,40 Their role in the natural history of B-CLL is still unclear, even if some are responsible for negative autocrine circuits. Although a rol ...
... (IFN-␥), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-1) have all been detected.39,40 Their role in the natural history of B-CLL is still unclear, even if some are responsible for negative autocrine circuits. Although a rol ...
The pressure mounts on lung dendritic cells EDITORIAL
... indeed mediate a crucial process in the pathogenesis of PAH. However, mice are more resistant to the pulmonary vascular effects of monocrotaline. If DCs do contribute to pathogenesis, the next question that arises is what (auto-)antigen they might be presenting. Antibodies to endothelial cells, fibr ...
... indeed mediate a crucial process in the pathogenesis of PAH. However, mice are more resistant to the pulmonary vascular effects of monocrotaline. If DCs do contribute to pathogenesis, the next question that arises is what (auto-)antigen they might be presenting. Antibodies to endothelial cells, fibr ...
![2. The immune system [7,8]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/000521219_1-105cac2c6a77d19bb36c1e397329d427-300x300.png)
2. The immune system [7,8]
... with the antigen specific to its antigen receptor, it goes from a naïve to an activated state. In the activated state, lymphocytes are called effector cells and perform various immunological functions in the body. There are two types of lymphocytes, the B cells and the T cells. B cells are most popu ...
... with the antigen specific to its antigen receptor, it goes from a naïve to an activated state. In the activated state, lymphocytes are called effector cells and perform various immunological functions in the body. There are two types of lymphocytes, the B cells and the T cells. B cells are most popu ...
Innate lymphoid cells - Utrecht University Repository
... activate B cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Th cells can differentiate into several subsets, depending on the activating cell type and the microenvironment. The conventional subsets are Th1 and Th2 cells, associated with ‘type I immunity’ and ‘type II immunity’ respectively. However additional T he ...
... activate B cells and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells. Th cells can differentiate into several subsets, depending on the activating cell type and the microenvironment. The conventional subsets are Th1 and Th2 cells, associated with ‘type I immunity’ and ‘type II immunity’ respectively. However additional T he ...
Listeria Monocytogenes Protein Fraction Induces Dendritic Cells
... Fully mature dendritic cells (DCs) play pivotal role in inducing immune responses and converting naïve T lymphocytes into functional Th1 cells. We aimed to evaluate Listeria Monocytogenes-derived protein fractions to induce DC maturation and stimulating T helper (Th)1 immune responses. In the presen ...
... Fully mature dendritic cells (DCs) play pivotal role in inducing immune responses and converting naïve T lymphocytes into functional Th1 cells. We aimed to evaluate Listeria Monocytogenes-derived protein fractions to induce DC maturation and stimulating T helper (Th)1 immune responses. In the presen ...
MONOCYTE AND MACROPHAGE HETEROGENEITY
... Circulating monocytes give rise to a variety of tissueresident macrophages throughout the body, as well as to specialized cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) and OSTEOCLASTS. Monocytes are known to originate in the bone marrow from a common myeloid progenitor that is shared with neutrophils, and the ...
... Circulating monocytes give rise to a variety of tissueresident macrophages throughout the body, as well as to specialized cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) and OSTEOCLASTS. Monocytes are known to originate in the bone marrow from a common myeloid progenitor that is shared with neutrophils, and the ...
English Summary
... produced by the microflora, induce hyper activation of the WNT/ β-catenin pathway and consequently promote cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells 66-68. Native Africans have higher levels of SCFAs compared to American Africans. Therefore, native Africans from developing countries might have a lowe ...
... produced by the microflora, induce hyper activation of the WNT/ β-catenin pathway and consequently promote cell apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells 66-68. Native Africans have higher levels of SCFAs compared to American Africans. Therefore, native Africans from developing countries might have a lowe ...
A two-step model of T cell subset commitment: antigen
... However, the ability of APC obtained from 3-day infected mice to induce differentiation into the type 2 subset could not be restored by the addition of IL-4 plus anti-IL-12 mAb during an in vitro culture (Fig. 4). In contrast, the ability of APC to induce the type 1 subset was not impaired even afte ...
... However, the ability of APC obtained from 3-day infected mice to induce differentiation into the type 2 subset could not be restored by the addition of IL-4 plus anti-IL-12 mAb during an in vitro culture (Fig. 4). In contrast, the ability of APC to induce the type 1 subset was not impaired even afte ...
INVITED TALK - NK cell Symposium 2017
... resulting in expansion of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells expressing NKG2C, an activating NK cell receptor binding to HLA-E. In the elderly, infection with CMV has been associated with impaired immunity. Here, we analyzed the impact of CMV-associated changes in the NK cell compartment on anti ...
... resulting in expansion of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells and NK cells expressing NKG2C, an activating NK cell receptor binding to HLA-E. In the elderly, infection with CMV has been associated with impaired immunity. Here, we analyzed the impact of CMV-associated changes in the NK cell compartment on anti ...
Aalborg Universitet Aquaporin-9-expressing neutrophils are required for the establishment of contact hypersensitivity
... numbers of infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Fig. 2B) and neutrophils (Fig. 2C; Supplementary Fig. S1B) were observed in the skin of AQP9−/− mice after challenge compared to that of WT mice. Mast cell counts were comparable between WT and AQP9−/− mice (Fig. 2D). To investigate the potential signif ...
... numbers of infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (Fig. 2B) and neutrophils (Fig. 2C; Supplementary Fig. S1B) were observed in the skin of AQP9−/− mice after challenge compared to that of WT mice. Mast cell counts were comparable between WT and AQP9−/− mice (Fig. 2D). To investigate the potential signif ...
accelerated atherosclerosis in apoE2/2 mice
... Aims Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease with T cell-driven immunoinflammatory responses contributing to disease initiation and progression. We investigated the potential role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy)-accelerated atherosclerosis in apoE2/2 mice. Methods an ...
... Aims Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease with T cell-driven immunoinflammatory responses contributing to disease initiation and progression. We investigated the potential role of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in hyperhomocysteinaemia (HHcy)-accelerated atherosclerosis in apoE2/2 mice. Methods an ...
Chronic Inflammation
... adhesion molecules and chemical mediators with chemotactic and activating properties. When the monocyte reaches the extravascular tissue it undergoes transformation into a larger phagocytic cell, the macrophage. In addition to performing phagocytosis, macrophages have the potential of being “activat ...
... adhesion molecules and chemical mediators with chemotactic and activating properties. When the monocyte reaches the extravascular tissue it undergoes transformation into a larger phagocytic cell, the macrophage. In addition to performing phagocytosis, macrophages have the potential of being “activat ...
In vitro Induction of Myeloid Leukemia ^ Specific - Bio
... of cognate CD4 T-cell help (14). Whereas advantageous, it is more difficult to produce protein antigens at purity levels comparable with those achievable for peptides; further, if recombinantly expressed in bacteria, such proteins must be free of endotoxin. As an alternative, investigators have used ...
... of cognate CD4 T-cell help (14). Whereas advantageous, it is more difficult to produce protein antigens at purity levels comparable with those achievable for peptides; further, if recombinantly expressed in bacteria, such proteins must be free of endotoxin. As an alternative, investigators have used ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.