The dynamics of T cells during persistent Staphylococcus aureus
... To assess the validity of the microarray data, gene expression levels for selected chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL3 and CXCL13) were also measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results obtained by this methodology mirrored those of the microarray analysis (Fig 3B). We observ ...
... To assess the validity of the microarray data, gene expression levels for selected chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL3 and CXCL13) were also measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results obtained by this methodology mirrored those of the microarray analysis (Fig 3B). We observ ...
Danger Theory: The Link between AIS and IDS?
... problems. As outline previously, the DT explains the immune response of the human body by the interaction between APCs and various signals. The immune response of each APC is determined by the generation of danger signals through cellular stress or death. In particular, the balance and correlation b ...
... problems. As outline previously, the DT explains the immune response of the human body by the interaction between APCs and various signals. The immune response of each APC is determined by the generation of danger signals through cellular stress or death. In particular, the balance and correlation b ...
chapter 5 complement
... MBLECTIN ("mannan-binding lectin") pathway may be initiated by other substances independently of adaptive immune responses; all three pathways share those complement components involved in the inflammatory and lytic consequences, namely C3, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9. The INFLAMMATION which is a conseque ...
... MBLECTIN ("mannan-binding lectin") pathway may be initiated by other substances independently of adaptive immune responses; all three pathways share those complement components involved in the inflammatory and lytic consequences, namely C3, C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9. The INFLAMMATION which is a conseque ...
Dual role for B-1a cells in immunity to influenza virus infection
... transfer of allotype-disparate congenic peritoneal cavity washout cells (PerC) according to previously published protocols (2, 12). After full reconstitution, these mice contain B-1 and B-2 cells of disparate allotypes (Igh-a and Igh-b, respectively for the studies in this paper) as described in det ...
... transfer of allotype-disparate congenic peritoneal cavity washout cells (PerC) according to previously published protocols (2, 12). After full reconstitution, these mice contain B-1 and B-2 cells of disparate allotypes (Igh-a and Igh-b, respectively for the studies in this paper) as described in det ...
Antigen-Antibody Interaction
... An allergen is an antigen (such as pollen) that results in an extreme immune response called an allergic reaction. A tolerogen is an antigen results in tolerance rather than an immune response in the host. An example of natural tolerogens is the self-tissues of the host. Foreign antigens may be tole ...
... An allergen is an antigen (such as pollen) that results in an extreme immune response called an allergic reaction. A tolerogen is an antigen results in tolerance rather than an immune response in the host. An example of natural tolerogens is the self-tissues of the host. Foreign antigens may be tole ...
Dendritic cells in progressive renal disease: some answers, many
... in that they are functionally specialized to sense foreign or altered nucleic acids and produce Type I interferons as well as presenting antigens. Classical DCs reside in secondary lymphoid organs and in peripheral tissues. Different tissues possess DCs with different functions, best suited to their ...
... in that they are functionally specialized to sense foreign or altered nucleic acids and produce Type I interferons as well as presenting antigens. Classical DCs reside in secondary lymphoid organs and in peripheral tissues. Different tissues possess DCs with different functions, best suited to their ...
The molecular mechanisms of TLR
... recognition receptors (PRRs), which specifically recognize evolutionarily conserved molecules of pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Of all PRRs, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best characterized. So far, 13 TLRs have been identified: TLRs 1–9 in both mouse and h ...
... recognition receptors (PRRs), which specifically recognize evolutionarily conserved molecules of pathogens known as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Of all PRRs, the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the best characterized. So far, 13 TLRs have been identified: TLRs 1–9 in both mouse and h ...
The intestinal barrier function and its involvement in digestive disease
... changes in intestinal barrier function have been associated with the development of inflammatory diseases in the GI tract (celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome) and also extradigestive conditions such as schizophrenia, diabetes and sepsis, among others (5,6). This pap ...
... changes in intestinal barrier function have been associated with the development of inflammatory diseases in the GI tract (celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome) and also extradigestive conditions such as schizophrenia, diabetes and sepsis, among others (5,6). This pap ...
a Functional Region of Difference-1 Mycobacterial Virulence and the
... studies, they did not conclusively show that CD8 cells were required. In fact, two recent studies showed that induction of a CD8 response against a specific epitope from TB10.4 or ESAT-6 did not lead to protection against an acute infection with M.tb (15, 16). This is in agreement with other studies ...
... studies, they did not conclusively show that CD8 cells were required. In fact, two recent studies showed that induction of a CD8 response against a specific epitope from TB10.4 or ESAT-6 did not lead to protection against an acute infection with M.tb (15, 16). This is in agreement with other studies ...
Safety of raw milk
... Steals iron away from pathogens and carries it through the gut wall into the blood stream; has anti-inflammatory properties; stimulates the immune system1 ...
... Steals iron away from pathogens and carries it through the gut wall into the blood stream; has anti-inflammatory properties; stimulates the immune system1 ...
antigen saturation, natural antibodies and a quantitative
... found. Besides providing immediate protection against invading microbial agents, natural antibodies are known to play key roles in the clearance of self molecules, thereby contributing to homeostatic control, suppressing inflammation and autoimmunity (7,8). In humans B1 cells represent from less t ...
... found. Besides providing immediate protection against invading microbial agents, natural antibodies are known to play key roles in the clearance of self molecules, thereby contributing to homeostatic control, suppressing inflammation and autoimmunity (7,8). In humans B1 cells represent from less t ...
Biology of Bony Fish Macrophages
... Macrophage activation was first coined by Mackaness in the 1960s after describing antimicrobial activity of mouse macrophages to secondary infection with intracellular bacteria [49]. Later, this phenomenon of cellular resistance resulting in the antimicrobial state of macrophages was referred to as ...
... Macrophage activation was first coined by Mackaness in the 1960s after describing antimicrobial activity of mouse macrophages to secondary infection with intracellular bacteria [49]. Later, this phenomenon of cellular resistance resulting in the antimicrobial state of macrophages was referred to as ...
Rapamycin specifically interferes with GM-CSF
... immunity and the protection against infectious agents.3,4 DCs are the most potent antigen-presenting cells. They play a major role in the uptake, transport, and presentation of antigens and have the unique capacity to stimulate naive T lymphocytes.5 In addition to their polarizing capacity on contac ...
... immunity and the protection against infectious agents.3,4 DCs are the most potent antigen-presenting cells. They play a major role in the uptake, transport, and presentation of antigens and have the unique capacity to stimulate naive T lymphocytes.5 In addition to their polarizing capacity on contac ...
T-cell exhaustion in allograft rejection and tolerance
... rejection or acceptance has previously been demonstrated in a study [43] showing that simultaneous transplantation of two kidneys and two hearts resulted in long-term graft acceptance, whereas single allogeneic heart and kidney graft were rejected acutely. Another study [35 ] extended these observat ...
... rejection or acceptance has previously been demonstrated in a study [43] showing that simultaneous transplantation of two kidneys and two hearts resulted in long-term graft acceptance, whereas single allogeneic heart and kidney graft were rejected acutely. Another study [35 ] extended these observat ...
Early life cytokines, viral infections and IgE
... We also showed that the IL12B 1188 C-allele was associated to having a positive skin prick test at the age of two. The rare alleles of the three SNPs investigated (IL12B 1188C, IL12RB1132C and IRF1 1688A) were all associated to low IL-12 production at birth. Conclusions: Our results indicate that al ...
... We also showed that the IL12B 1188 C-allele was associated to having a positive skin prick test at the age of two. The rare alleles of the three SNPs investigated (IL12B 1188C, IL12RB1132C and IRF1 1688A) were all associated to low IL-12 production at birth. Conclusions: Our results indicate that al ...
Local Immune Responses in Human Tuberculosis: Learning From
... Importantly, the onset of adaptive immunity in human tuberculosis is delayed compared with other infections, which allows the bacterial load in the lung to expand significantly at the early stages of infection [3]. Studies from the site of tuberculosis infection in the murine lung have demonstrated ...
... Importantly, the onset of adaptive immunity in human tuberculosis is delayed compared with other infections, which allows the bacterial load in the lung to expand significantly at the early stages of infection [3]. Studies from the site of tuberculosis infection in the murine lung have demonstrated ...
Infect Immun. 2011 Feb;79(2):688-94. Epub 2010 Nov 22.
... Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogen that replicates in the cytosol of host cells and can cause serious disease in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals (35). L. monocytogenes utilizes a pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, listeriolysin O (encoded by the hly gene), ...
... Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive pathogen that replicates in the cytosol of host cells and can cause serious disease in pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals (35). L. monocytogenes utilizes a pore-forming cholesterol-dependent cytolysin, listeriolysin O (encoded by the hly gene), ...
Sleep April.indd
... most effective because of their widespread localization at all sites of antigen entry, their strong expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, and their production of important regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), in response to different types of antigens.14 However, I ...
... most effective because of their widespread localization at all sites of antigen entry, their strong expression of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, and their production of important regulatory cytokines, such as interleukin-12 (IL-12), in response to different types of antigens.14 However, I ...
Inflammation and oxidative stress in vertebrate host–parasite systems
... acquired immunity differs from innate immunity in its ability to establish an immunological memory, which allows a more rapid and effective response upon re-exposure to the antigen (Cooper & Alder 2006). The dichotomy between innate and acquired immunity, while useful for a classification purpose, d ...
... acquired immunity differs from innate immunity in its ability to establish an immunological memory, which allows a more rapid and effective response upon re-exposure to the antigen (Cooper & Alder 2006). The dichotomy between innate and acquired immunity, while useful for a classification purpose, d ...
Enrichment of IFN-γ producing cells in different murine adipose
... GTPases and inducible nitric oxide synthase28. In the infected WT mice a 14-, 26-, 17- and 2-fold increase was respectively observed in immunity-related GTPase family M member 1 (Irgm1), interferon gamma induced GTPase (Igtp), guanylate binding protein 2 (Gbp2) and nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible ...
... GTPases and inducible nitric oxide synthase28. In the infected WT mice a 14-, 26-, 17- and 2-fold increase was respectively observed in immunity-related GTPase family M member 1 (Irgm1), interferon gamma induced GTPase (Igtp), guanylate binding protein 2 (Gbp2) and nitric oxide synthase 2, inducible ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.