Natural regulatory T cells in infectious disease - Direct-MS
... well as loss of immunity to re-infection occurs unless natural Treg cells are reconstituted14. Natural Treg cells may also maintain immunity to other chronic infections in which ‘poor-quality’ effectors are generated and pathogen persistence is required. All of these models show that a natural Treg ...
... well as loss of immunity to re-infection occurs unless natural Treg cells are reconstituted14. Natural Treg cells may also maintain immunity to other chronic infections in which ‘poor-quality’ effectors are generated and pathogen persistence is required. All of these models show that a natural Treg ...
Microbe-induced apoptosis in phagocytic cells and its role in innate immunity Robert Blomgran
... sense, locate, ingest and kill bacterial pathogens. Inflammatory mediators and the presence of bacterial products at the foci of infection regulate the function and life span of these cells. Modulation of neutrophil apoptosis and the subsequent clearance by scavenger cells, such as macrophages, is p ...
... sense, locate, ingest and kill bacterial pathogens. Inflammatory mediators and the presence of bacterial products at the foci of infection regulate the function and life span of these cells. Modulation of neutrophil apoptosis and the subsequent clearance by scavenger cells, such as macrophages, is p ...
Lee_washington_0250E_11503
... conserved structures specific to frequently encountered pathogens. For example, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a type of PRRs usually expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells that recognize foreign molecules including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), double-stranded RNA of viruses, and flagellin 1. Upo ...
... conserved structures specific to frequently encountered pathogens. For example, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a type of PRRs usually expressed in macrophages and dendritic cells that recognize foreign molecules including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), double-stranded RNA of viruses, and flagellin 1. Upo ...
Functional capacities of human IgM memory B cells in early
... their reduced frequency in asplenic patients, correlating with impaired immune response to encapsulated bacteria (27), were interpreted in favor of a GC-independent generation. This generation could occur either by primary antigen-independent Ig gene diversification mechanisms or by TI immune respon ...
... their reduced frequency in asplenic patients, correlating with impaired immune response to encapsulated bacteria (27), were interpreted in favor of a GC-independent generation. This generation could occur either by primary antigen-independent Ig gene diversification mechanisms or by TI immune respon ...
tuberculosis Mycobacterium Early Infection with Dynamic Roles of
... immune responses to intracellular bacteria, including M. tuberculosis. The absolute requirement for IFN-g in the immune control of TB is well established in animal models (3) and humans (4). IFNg–dependent protection is commonly believed to act through increasing the mycobactericidal activity of mac ...
... immune responses to intracellular bacteria, including M. tuberculosis. The absolute requirement for IFN-g in the immune control of TB is well established in animal models (3) and humans (4). IFNg–dependent protection is commonly believed to act through increasing the mycobactericidal activity of mac ...
in MUC1-Transgenic Mice Cells CD8 T Cells by Dendritic/Tumor
... here are two different pathways for Ag presentation (1). Endogenously synthesized proteins, such as that in viral infections, are processed and presented through the MHC class I-restricted pathway to CTL (2). In contrast, exogenous proteins from the extracellular environment are processed and displa ...
... here are two different pathways for Ag presentation (1). Endogenously synthesized proteins, such as that in viral infections, are processed and presented through the MHC class I-restricted pathway to CTL (2). In contrast, exogenous proteins from the extracellular environment are processed and displa ...
Persistent accumulation of interferon-gamma- producing CD8(+)CD56(+) T cells in blood from
... patient groups during follow-up. In both ACS and SA patients, the numbers and proportions of CD8+CD56+ T cells were significantly higher compared with controls. Also, the ratios between CD8+CD56+ and CD8+CD56- T cells were significantly higher in ACS and SA patients compared with controls, 0.43 (0.2 ...
... patient groups during follow-up. In both ACS and SA patients, the numbers and proportions of CD8+CD56+ T cells were significantly higher compared with controls. Also, the ratios between CD8+CD56+ and CD8+CD56- T cells were significantly higher in ACS and SA patients compared with controls, 0.43 (0.2 ...
j.The Lymphatic System
... Human Anatomy and Physiology : The Lymphatic System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.3 ...
... Human Anatomy and Physiology : The Lymphatic System; Ziser Lecture Notes, 2014.3 ...
The regulation of B cell responses in systemic autoimmunity
... and are classified more based on their common function. In the context of innate immunity they play an important role in phagocytosis and cell adhesion [7]. For their ability to bind modified lipids and apoptotic cells they have also been implicated in the context of atherogenesis and autoimmunity ...
... and are classified more based on their common function. In the context of innate immunity they play an important role in phagocytosis and cell adhesion [7]. For their ability to bind modified lipids and apoptotic cells they have also been implicated in the context of atherogenesis and autoimmunity ...
Molecular mechanisms of subretinal fibrosis in age
... maintaining the integrity of subretinal fibrous tissue (Kimoto et al., ...
... maintaining the integrity of subretinal fibrous tissue (Kimoto et al., ...
Endogenous collagen peptide activation of CD1d
... NKT cells in the mouse recognize antigen in the context of the MHC class I–like molecule CD1d and play an important role in peripheral tolerance and protection against autoimmune and other diseases. NKT cells are usually activated by CD1d-presented lipid antigens. However, peptide recognition in the ...
... NKT cells in the mouse recognize antigen in the context of the MHC class I–like molecule CD1d and play an important role in peripheral tolerance and protection against autoimmune and other diseases. NKT cells are usually activated by CD1d-presented lipid antigens. However, peptide recognition in the ...
T cells - Amazon S3
... • Chemotactic factors: substances that attract white blood cells to the area in a process called ...
... • Chemotactic factors: substances that attract white blood cells to the area in a process called ...
Recent advances in IL
... of IL-22, but not IFN-c, in NK cells (27). These NK1.1+ IL22-expressing cells contribute to IL-22 expression during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (27), as well as in influenza infection (28). Other studies have reported IL-22-secreting NK cells termed NK22 cells (29); however, as it currently sta ...
... of IL-22, but not IFN-c, in NK cells (27). These NK1.1+ IL22-expressing cells contribute to IL-22 expression during inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (27), as well as in influenza infection (28). Other studies have reported IL-22-secreting NK cells termed NK22 cells (29); however, as it currently sta ...
Phagocytosis: a repertoire of receptors and Ca as a key second
... molecules attach to the phagocytic target by recognizing specific surface epitopes [14]. C3b- or iC3b-opsonized particles are recognized by CRs (complement receptors) members of the integrin superfamily, whereas IgG-opsonized particles engage FcγRs [15]. In any case, receptor engagement leads to int ...
... molecules attach to the phagocytic target by recognizing specific surface epitopes [14]. C3b- or iC3b-opsonized particles are recognized by CRs (complement receptors) members of the integrin superfamily, whereas IgG-opsonized particles engage FcγRs [15]. In any case, receptor engagement leads to int ...
Full-Text PDF
... with one of the major members of the intestinal microbiota, B. thetaiotaomicron [50]. Recent findings have also demonstrated that commensal Lactobacillus spp. promote the proliferation of IECs, highlighting the importance of microbial stimuli [51]. This process is the result of the stimulation of NA ...
... with one of the major members of the intestinal microbiota, B. thetaiotaomicron [50]. Recent findings have also demonstrated that commensal Lactobacillus spp. promote the proliferation of IECs, highlighting the importance of microbial stimuli [51]. This process is the result of the stimulation of NA ...
Foxp3+ regulatory T cells: differentiation, specification, subphenotypes
... single-positive lineage. CD8+ Foxp3+ cells are normally very rare but IL-2 signal transducers Jak3 or STAT5 (ref. 2). However, most evidence can be observed in experimental conditions of thwarted selection of indicates that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is not required the CD4+ lineage16,28,2 ...
... single-positive lineage. CD8+ Foxp3+ cells are normally very rare but IL-2 signal transducers Jak3 or STAT5 (ref. 2). However, most evidence can be observed in experimental conditions of thwarted selection of indicates that transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is not required the CD4+ lineage16,28,2 ...
M261 MHC class I antigen presentation April 17, 2000
... MHC class II molecules present antigens taken up by the cell through endocytosis. MHC polypeptides (a and b) are synthesized on ER and are chaperoned to a specialized antigen loading compartment by invariant chain (Ii); invariant chain serves two purposes, it functions as a chaperone and occupies th ...
... MHC class II molecules present antigens taken up by the cell through endocytosis. MHC polypeptides (a and b) are synthesized on ER and are chaperoned to a specialized antigen loading compartment by invariant chain (Ii); invariant chain serves two purposes, it functions as a chaperone and occupies th ...
Subpopulations of bovine WC1 than CD4 CD25 Foxp3
... nude mice caused spontaneous development of T cell-mediated autoimmune responses. Thus the function of CD4+ CD25+ T cells as natural Treg was defined [35]. Subsequently, CD4+ CD25+ natural Treg were shown to function in controlling and regulating the immune system in infectious diseases [19], self-t ...
... nude mice caused spontaneous development of T cell-mediated autoimmune responses. Thus the function of CD4+ CD25+ T cells as natural Treg was defined [35]. Subsequently, CD4+ CD25+ natural Treg were shown to function in controlling and regulating the immune system in infectious diseases [19], self-t ...
6 CHAPTER Phagocytosis and degradation of neurons by classically
... . It has been widely accepted that axonal loss is a major correlate for clinical disability 3-5. Axonal damage and loss occur early during disease as well as in later stages, are present in both acute and chronic lesions 6-8, and correlate with the degree of inflammation 9;10. Macrophages, a major c ...
... . It has been widely accepted that axonal loss is a major correlate for clinical disability 3-5. Axonal damage and loss occur early during disease as well as in later stages, are present in both acute and chronic lesions 6-8, and correlate with the degree of inflammation 9;10. Macrophages, a major c ...
Th17 development
... cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 can block IL-12 production, thereby reducing differentiation into Th12. This cross-regulation results in a balance between the two subsets with their differential effector mechanisms. Distortion of this balance has been implicated to lie at the basis of diseases like allergy ...
... cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 can block IL-12 production, thereby reducing differentiation into Th12. This cross-regulation results in a balance between the two subsets with their differential effector mechanisms. Distortion of this balance has been implicated to lie at the basis of diseases like allergy ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.