Th2 Cytokines Down-Regulate TLR Expression and Function
... (IECs)3 and model IEC lines express membrane-associated and cytoplasmic TLRs and their associated molecules (2–5), which establish an effective double line of innate immune defense against noninvasive and invasive pathogens challenging the IEC monolayer (6). TLR signals from IECs may exert direct an ...
... (IECs)3 and model IEC lines express membrane-associated and cytoplasmic TLRs and their associated molecules (2–5), which establish an effective double line of innate immune defense against noninvasive and invasive pathogens challenging the IEC monolayer (6). TLR signals from IECs may exert direct an ...
Tolerogenic dendritic cell-based immunotherapy in Crohn’s disease Raquel Cabezón Cabello
... with an excessive pro-inflammatory immune response in the gut. The diagram in Figure 2, represents the different T-cell subsets and pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in the development of intestinal lesions in IBD. In an inflammatory context, naïve T-cells differentiate into effector T helper ce ...
... with an excessive pro-inflammatory immune response in the gut. The diagram in Figure 2, represents the different T-cell subsets and pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in the development of intestinal lesions in IBD. In an inflammatory context, naïve T-cells differentiate into effector T helper ce ...
Failure of T cell immunity
... HCV specific CD8+ T cells are essential for clearing HCV infection. They are the main effector cell type for the clearance of intracellular pathogen. Through recognition of non-self peptides presented by MHC class I proteins they are able to detect and kill infected cells. Despite the fact that T ce ...
... HCV specific CD8+ T cells are essential for clearing HCV infection. They are the main effector cell type for the clearance of intracellular pathogen. Through recognition of non-self peptides presented by MHC class I proteins they are able to detect and kill infected cells. Despite the fact that T ce ...
A Novel Size-Based Sorting Mechanism of Pinocytic Luminal
... pinocytosis, and that reactive microglia are capable to present antigens to T cells and initiate immune responses. However, how microglia process the endocytosed contents and evoke an immune response remain unclear. Here we report that a size-dependent selective transport of small soluble contents f ...
... pinocytosis, and that reactive microglia are capable to present antigens to T cells and initiate immune responses. However, how microglia process the endocytosed contents and evoke an immune response remain unclear. Here we report that a size-dependent selective transport of small soluble contents f ...
Immune Senescence A Role for Immature Myeloid Cells in
... Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/ by guest on June 17, 2017 ...
... Downloaded from http://www.jimmunol.org/ by guest on June 17, 2017 ...
Regulation of mucosal immune responses in effector sites
... However, a number of observations suggest that lamina propria leucocytes are not simply effector cells, engaged in surveillance and in provision of recall responses to potential pathogens. In the intestines of mature pigs there is a high extent of spatial organisation inconsistent with simple infilt ...
... However, a number of observations suggest that lamina propria leucocytes are not simply effector cells, engaged in surveillance and in provision of recall responses to potential pathogens. In the intestines of mature pigs there is a high extent of spatial organisation inconsistent with simple infilt ...
Inflammatory Bowel Disease Effector Function in a Murine Model of
... linked to innate immunity (1– 6). In contrast, abnormal T cell responses to luminal commensal bacteria are crucial to the pathogenesis of IBD (7–9). The link between genetic defects in innate immunity and sustained activation of T cells remains unclear. Recognition of commensal bacteria largely depe ...
... linked to innate immunity (1– 6). In contrast, abnormal T cell responses to luminal commensal bacteria are crucial to the pathogenesis of IBD (7–9). The link between genetic defects in innate immunity and sustained activation of T cells remains unclear. Recognition of commensal bacteria largely depe ...
Delayed acquisition of Plasmodium falciparum antigen
... Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ...
... Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK Full list of author information is available at the end of the article ...
Jenny Walldén Studies of immunological risk factors in type 1 diabetes
... immunological memory. The cells involved are antigen-specific T and B cells which, when activated, proliferate and develop into effector cells secreting cytokines and antibodies, respectively 1. T cells can be divided into two different populations based on their expression of the cell surface prote ...
... immunological memory. The cells involved are antigen-specific T and B cells which, when activated, proliferate and develop into effector cells secreting cytokines and antibodies, respectively 1. T cells can be divided into two different populations based on their expression of the cell surface prote ...
NIH Executive Summary of Stem Cell Issues
... in the starting tissue; such results from fat cells may, in fact, be due to the presence of hematopoietic stem cells in the fat tissue. The importance of showing that one cell type can reproducibly become another and self-replicate cannot be overemphasized. Progenitor or precursor cell. A progenitor ...
... in the starting tissue; such results from fat cells may, in fact, be due to the presence of hematopoietic stem cells in the fat tissue. The importance of showing that one cell type can reproducibly become another and self-replicate cannot be overemphasized. Progenitor or precursor cell. A progenitor ...
TLR3 Signaling in Human BDCA-3 Dendritic Cells Results in the
... detecting both foreign and selfantigens. The process of eliminating foreign antigens and the ability to tolerate self-antigens occur within both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is shared by all multi-cellular organisms and is considered to be a nonspecific first line of defense. Compon ...
... detecting both foreign and selfantigens. The process of eliminating foreign antigens and the ability to tolerate self-antigens occur within both innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity is shared by all multi-cellular organisms and is considered to be a nonspecific first line of defense. Compon ...
Chapter 20, Lymphatic System
... help activate T cells Dendritic cells – spiny-looking cells with functions similar to macrophages Reticular cells – fibroblastlike cells that produce a stroma, or network, that supports other cell types in lymphoid organs ...
... help activate T cells Dendritic cells – spiny-looking cells with functions similar to macrophages Reticular cells – fibroblastlike cells that produce a stroma, or network, that supports other cell types in lymphoid organs ...
T Cell Memory in the Context of Persistent Herpes Viral Infections
... for several months, or even years [22–27]. These so called tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) have little or absent homeostatic turnover and their persistence has been shown to be intimately dependent on CD103 interacting with E-cadherin expressed on epithelial cells. Also the interaction with ext ...
... for several months, or even years [22–27]. These so called tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) have little or absent homeostatic turnover and their persistence has been shown to be intimately dependent on CD103 interacting with E-cadherin expressed on epithelial cells. Also the interaction with ext ...
Protective Anti-Helicobacter Immunity Is Induced with Aluminum
... the idea that contribution of Th1-mediated responses, the response associated with H. pylori–related gastric pathology, are required to induce immunity [4]. This suggestion was based on immunoglobulin (Ig) G subclass analysis only; no direct measurement of cytokine profiles was performed [4, 5]. Bec ...
... the idea that contribution of Th1-mediated responses, the response associated with H. pylori–related gastric pathology, are required to induce immunity [4]. This suggestion was based on immunoglobulin (Ig) G subclass analysis only; no direct measurement of cytokine profiles was performed [4, 5]. Bec ...
Immunohaematology - The Carter Center
... In 1667, Jean Bapiste Denys, transfused blood from the carotid artery of a lamb into the vein of a young man, which at first seemed successful. However, after the third transfusion of lamb’s blood the man suffered a reaction and died. Denys also performed subsequent transfusions using animal blood, ...
... In 1667, Jean Bapiste Denys, transfused blood from the carotid artery of a lamb into the vein of a young man, which at first seemed successful. However, after the third transfusion of lamb’s blood the man suffered a reaction and died. Denys also performed subsequent transfusions using animal blood, ...
Leishmania species: models of intracellular parasitism
... gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi. The relationship between such organisms and their host cells is particularly intriguing because, not only are macrophages capable of potent microbicidal activity, but in their antigen-presenting capacity they can orchestrate the developing immune response. Thus, to init ...
... gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi. The relationship between such organisms and their host cells is particularly intriguing because, not only are macrophages capable of potent microbicidal activity, but in their antigen-presenting capacity they can orchestrate the developing immune response. Thus, to init ...
Reciprocal modulation between TH17 and other helper T cell lineages
... favored by inflammation and IL-6 production. In addition Foxp3 also inhibits the expression of IL-17, and IL-17þ Foxp3þ T cells can be detected in vitro and in mice or humans (Beriou et al., 2009; Kryczek et al., 2009). However, it is not known whether these IL-17þ Foxp3þ T cells originate from TH17 ...
... favored by inflammation and IL-6 production. In addition Foxp3 also inhibits the expression of IL-17, and IL-17þ Foxp3þ T cells can be detected in vitro and in mice or humans (Beriou et al., 2009; Kryczek et al., 2009). However, it is not known whether these IL-17þ Foxp3þ T cells originate from TH17 ...
Total white blood cell counts and LPS-induced TNFa
... al., 2002), but also from the fact that circulating monocytes and granulocytes show an activated phenotype (Sacks et al., 1998). Moreover, others have shown increased monocyte phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity (Shibuya et al., 1987) or granulocyte activation (Shibuya et al., 1987; Sacks et ...
... al., 2002), but also from the fact that circulating monocytes and granulocytes show an activated phenotype (Sacks et al., 1998). Moreover, others have shown increased monocyte phagocytosis and respiratory burst activity (Shibuya et al., 1987) or granulocyte activation (Shibuya et al., 1987; Sacks et ...
β2-ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR MODULATION OF MACROPHAGE
... accompanied the previously recognized increase in “normal” lymphocytes following exposure to epinephrine. These “stress-lymphocytes” were later described as large, granular lymphocytes that possessed natural killer activity [15]. Improved separation techniques also allowed scientists to determine wh ...
... accompanied the previously recognized increase in “normal” lymphocytes following exposure to epinephrine. These “stress-lymphocytes” were later described as large, granular lymphocytes that possessed natural killer activity [15]. Improved separation techniques also allowed scientists to determine wh ...
Persistence T Cell Function during Viral + CD8 Memory Generation
... virus-specific central-memory CD8ⴙ T cells develop early during infection, and that virus-specific CD8ⴙ T cells maintain functional and protective capacities during chronic infection despite low-level Ag persistence. During the primary immune response, we show generation of CD8ⴙ memory T cell precur ...
... virus-specific central-memory CD8ⴙ T cells develop early during infection, and that virus-specific CD8ⴙ T cells maintain functional and protective capacities during chronic infection despite low-level Ag persistence. During the primary immune response, we show generation of CD8ⴙ memory T cell precur ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.