b - Repositório da Universidade de Lisboa
... will never be forgotten and some friendships will never be lost even if we are far away! Being captain of ADS in 2013 will be forever a huge highlight of my stay in SG. Mel, Julie, ...
... will never be forgotten and some friendships will never be lost even if we are far away! Being captain of ADS in 2013 will be forever a huge highlight of my stay in SG. Mel, Julie, ...
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
... • Exogenous antigens are engulfed by the cells from outside and they are taken into vacuoles. • The exogenous term is used with respected to the APCs which performs the processing and presentation of antigen. ...
... • Exogenous antigens are engulfed by the cells from outside and they are taken into vacuoles. • The exogenous term is used with respected to the APCs which performs the processing and presentation of antigen. ...
probiotics – identification and ways of action
... of probiotic bacteria (Collado et al., 2005). Multiplication in the digestive tract will lead to the development of probiotic population and therefore to an increase of their metabolic products and thus implicitly an increase of the beneficial effects. It is not yet clear whether probiotics can mult ...
... of probiotic bacteria (Collado et al., 2005). Multiplication in the digestive tract will lead to the development of probiotic population and therefore to an increase of their metabolic products and thus implicitly an increase of the beneficial effects. It is not yet clear whether probiotics can mult ...
Antibody Repertoire and Gene Expression Profile
... the DNA chip analyzer software (dChip) according to the author’s instructions (22). Then, the hybridization background was calculated, and all gene expression values below 61 were set to 61 to eliminate low-level signals. Assessment of differentially expressed genes was done by a nonparametric, perm ...
... the DNA chip analyzer software (dChip) according to the author’s instructions (22). Then, the hybridization background was calculated, and all gene expression values below 61 were set to 61 to eliminate low-level signals. Assessment of differentially expressed genes was done by a nonparametric, perm ...
Anabolic androgenic steroids effects on the immune system: a review
... sites on the chromatin, promoting gene transcription and the consequent synthesis of messenger RNA from DNA in the cell nucleus [25] to initiate protein synthesis [31]. Chaperone proteins associated with the receptors keep them in an inactive state until a steroid binds [32]. This results in the pro ...
... sites on the chromatin, promoting gene transcription and the consequent synthesis of messenger RNA from DNA in the cell nucleus [25] to initiate protein synthesis [31]. Chaperone proteins associated with the receptors keep them in an inactive state until a steroid binds [32]. This results in the pro ...
Basophils contribute to TH2-IgE responses in vivo via IL
... However, some lines of evidence have shown that these cells are important regulators of TH2 responses in vivo, particularly in helminth-infected mice15–20. In general, the entry of an invading pathogen triggers recognition by dendritic cells (DCs) through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their subsequ ...
... However, some lines of evidence have shown that these cells are important regulators of TH2 responses in vivo, particularly in helminth-infected mice15–20. In general, the entry of an invading pathogen triggers recognition by dendritic cells (DCs) through Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and their subsequ ...
HMGB1-promoted and TLR2/4-dependent NK cell maturation and
... previous findings have reinforced the notion that BA is a virus-induced and immune ...
... previous findings have reinforced the notion that BA is a virus-induced and immune ...
Early steps regulating proliferation and activation in macrophages Ester Sánchez Tilló 2006
... response contributes to an efficient control of growth and dissemination of invading pathogens. Conversely, products induced by LPS can act as intracellular or extracellular messengers. On the other hand, IFN-γ promotes inhibition of proliferation increasing macrophage survival together with up-regu ...
... response contributes to an efficient control of growth and dissemination of invading pathogens. Conversely, products induced by LPS can act as intracellular or extracellular messengers. On the other hand, IFN-γ promotes inhibition of proliferation increasing macrophage survival together with up-regu ...
Reprogramming of Myeloid Compartments Supporting Tissue
... We show that the immature myeloid compartment expands in bone marrow (BM) specifically at the resolution phase of inflammation during colitis transition to recovery. Additionally, we found enhanced levels of IL-17 in the serum of colitis mice tightly correlates with expansion of the IMC compartment, ...
... We show that the immature myeloid compartment expands in bone marrow (BM) specifically at the resolution phase of inflammation during colitis transition to recovery. Additionally, we found enhanced levels of IL-17 in the serum of colitis mice tightly correlates with expansion of the IMC compartment, ...
Survival strategies of inside the human macrophage Mycobacterium tuberculosis Amanda Welin
... exposed individuals, however, the infection is cleared without the involvement of the adaptive immune system, indicating that the innate immune system may be able to control or clear the infection if activated appropriately. This thesis focuses on the interaction between the host macrophage and Mtb, ...
... exposed individuals, however, the infection is cleared without the involvement of the adaptive immune system, indicating that the innate immune system may be able to control or clear the infection if activated appropriately. This thesis focuses on the interaction between the host macrophage and Mtb, ...
Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cells Scale Their Pro
... postpartum uterine diseases caused by uterine bacterial infections after parturition (Sheldon et al., 2009). During the postpartum period, up to 50% of all dairy cows develop uterine inflammatory diseases, such as metritis, and clinical or subclinical endometritis (Sheldon et al., 2009). The inciden ...
... postpartum uterine diseases caused by uterine bacterial infections after parturition (Sheldon et al., 2009). During the postpartum period, up to 50% of all dairy cows develop uterine inflammatory diseases, such as metritis, and clinical or subclinical endometritis (Sheldon et al., 2009). The inciden ...
PDF
... CD35+ B220+ precursor cell, which is consistent with several observations of binucleate FDCs (Murakami et al., 2007; Allen and Cyster, 2008). Moreover, differentiation of FDCs as a specialized form of myofibroblasts that derive from bone marrow stromal cell progenitors has been also suggested (Munoz ...
... CD35+ B220+ precursor cell, which is consistent with several observations of binucleate FDCs (Murakami et al., 2007; Allen and Cyster, 2008). Moreover, differentiation of FDCs as a specialized form of myofibroblasts that derive from bone marrow stromal cell progenitors has been also suggested (Munoz ...
Tract Infection Oviduct Pathology in Chlamydial Genital Receptor
... TLRs are a family of proteins that share homology with the Toll antimicrobial proteins of Drosophila (12). These receptors are found primarily on mammalian innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, but are also expressed on many epithelial cells. TLRs act as pattern recognition r ...
... TLRs are a family of proteins that share homology with the Toll antimicrobial proteins of Drosophila (12). These receptors are found primarily on mammalian innate immune cells, such as macrophages and dendritic cells, but are also expressed on many epithelial cells. TLRs act as pattern recognition r ...
Immunology Review
... Greatest quantity is found attached to immunocompetent, unstimulated B lymphocytes. ...
... Greatest quantity is found attached to immunocompetent, unstimulated B lymphocytes. ...
among HLA-G, myeloid APCs, and regulatory cells
... and present antigens (Ags) in the context of HLA class I and II molecules, and activate T cells. Professional APCs also provide a set of additional signals that modulate the activation of the responding cell. The most important professional APCs are dendritic cells (DCs), which play a major role as ...
... and present antigens (Ags) in the context of HLA class I and II molecules, and activate T cells. Professional APCs also provide a set of additional signals that modulate the activation of the responding cell. The most important professional APCs are dendritic cells (DCs), which play a major role as ...
Effect of Antigen/Antibody Ratio on Macrophage
... moderate antibody excess provided optimal T cell activation independently of the physical state of the complexes {precipitated by a second antibody or solubilized by complement) . Complexes in extreme antibody excess, on the contrary, did not yield T cell activation although taken up by APC efficien ...
... moderate antibody excess provided optimal T cell activation independently of the physical state of the complexes {precipitated by a second antibody or solubilized by complement) . Complexes in extreme antibody excess, on the contrary, did not yield T cell activation although taken up by APC efficien ...
Bivalve immunity and response to infections: Are we
... extremely small fraction of those bathing mucosal tissues. This represents a major drawback in our understanding of mechanisms mediating bivalve resistance to infections. In this context, adult marine bivalves are typically resistant to extremely high numbers of pathogenic microbes (e.g. universal p ...
... extremely small fraction of those bathing mucosal tissues. This represents a major drawback in our understanding of mechanisms mediating bivalve resistance to infections. In this context, adult marine bivalves are typically resistant to extremely high numbers of pathogenic microbes (e.g. universal p ...
Biological Activities of Complement
... Complement is a system of serum proteins whose main function is to defend the body against infection. Although it has a reputation as a dauntingly complex system, this results chiefly from confusion in the nomenclature, which has varied considerably with time as more components were discovered, for ...
... Complement is a system of serum proteins whose main function is to defend the body against infection. Although it has a reputation as a dauntingly complex system, this results chiefly from confusion in the nomenclature, which has varied considerably with time as more components were discovered, for ...
Vaccine immunology - World Health Organization
... represents a significant challenge for the development of specific vaccines such as against HIV-1.14 Current vaccines mostly mediate protection through the induction of highly specific IgG serum antibodies (Table 2–2). Under certain circumstances, however, passive antibodymediated immunity is inefficien ...
... represents a significant challenge for the development of specific vaccines such as against HIV-1.14 Current vaccines mostly mediate protection through the induction of highly specific IgG serum antibodies (Table 2–2). Under certain circumstances, however, passive antibodymediated immunity is inefficien ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.