GRANULOMATOUS INFLAMMATION
... bacilli are inhaled by droplets Bacteria are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages After amassing substances that they cannot digest, macrophages lose their motility, accumulate at the site of injury and transform themselves into nodular collections; the Granuloma A localized inflammatory response re ...
... bacilli are inhaled by droplets Bacteria are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages After amassing substances that they cannot digest, macrophages lose their motility, accumulate at the site of injury and transform themselves into nodular collections; the Granuloma A localized inflammatory response re ...
PowerPoint - Scranton Prep Biology
... against specific antigens When an antigen enters the body it activates only a small subset of lymphocytes that have complementary receptors. In clonal selection, the selected lymphocyte cells – multiply into clones of short-lived effector cells, specialized for defending against the antigen that ...
... against specific antigens When an antigen enters the body it activates only a small subset of lymphocytes that have complementary receptors. In clonal selection, the selected lymphocyte cells – multiply into clones of short-lived effector cells, specialized for defending against the antigen that ...
FREE Sample Here
... Lymphocytes have specific receptors that recognize previously encountered antigens. DIF: ...
... Lymphocytes have specific receptors that recognize previously encountered antigens. DIF: ...
International Health
... layers are penetrated, the body contains cells that respond rapidly to the presence of the invader. These cells include macrophages and neutrophils that engulf foreign organisms and kill them without the need for antibodies. Immediate challenge also comes from soluble molecules that deprive the inva ...
... layers are penetrated, the body contains cells that respond rapidly to the presence of the invader. These cells include macrophages and neutrophils that engulf foreign organisms and kill them without the need for antibodies. Immediate challenge also comes from soluble molecules that deprive the inva ...
M. tuberculosis
... (2) Activation of T-cells by peptide-loaded MHC class II molecules; mycobacterial lipids presented to γδ T cells → adaptive immune response ...
... (2) Activation of T-cells by peptide-loaded MHC class II molecules; mycobacterial lipids presented to γδ T cells → adaptive immune response ...
Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
... like corrugated cardboard) extend into the dermis to increase area of contact between the two layers ...
... like corrugated cardboard) extend into the dermis to increase area of contact between the two layers ...
T cells - Saint Demetrios Astoria School
... – Strong stomach acids that kill most pathogens ingested with food ...
... – Strong stomach acids that kill most pathogens ingested with food ...
Unit 4 Notes - heckgrammar.co.uk
... there is plenty of space and nutrients). Bacteria divide by binary fission, so the population doubles in a set time known as the generation time. This generation time can be as short as 20min for bacteria under optimal conditions. Growth with a constant doubling time is called exponential growth, an ...
... there is plenty of space and nutrients). Bacteria divide by binary fission, so the population doubles in a set time known as the generation time. This generation time can be as short as 20min for bacteria under optimal conditions. Growth with a constant doubling time is called exponential growth, an ...
Cardiovascular System: The Blood
... Progenitor cells – cannot reproduce themselves. Precursor cells (blasts) – they develop into the actual formed elements of the blood. ...
... Progenitor cells – cannot reproduce themselves. Precursor cells (blasts) – they develop into the actual formed elements of the blood. ...
Cardiovascular System: The Blood
... RBCs cannot reproduce or carry on extensive metabolic activities. ...
... RBCs cannot reproduce or carry on extensive metabolic activities. ...
Transport - Ardsley Schools
... binding abilities dependent on shapes to match the antigens • Neutralize invader • Agglutination • Tag for phagocytosis by macrophage ...
... binding abilities dependent on shapes to match the antigens • Neutralize invader • Agglutination • Tag for phagocytosis by macrophage ...
Virus interactions with endocytic pathways in macrophages and
... highly active endocytic processes [for reviews, see for example 7, 12]. This allows them to not only engulf and digest invading pathogens, but also present the products on their cell surface to T lymphocytes using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules [reviewed in 11, 13]. T cells themsel ...
... highly active endocytic processes [for reviews, see for example 7, 12]. This allows them to not only engulf and digest invading pathogens, but also present the products on their cell surface to T lymphocytes using major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules [reviewed in 11, 13]. T cells themsel ...
Lymphatics
... o Definition: genetically programmed to recognize a single Ag out of an infinite # of possible Ag’s o Lymphocytes are “educated” (maturation & differentiation) in bone marrow (B cells) & thymus (T cells; Thymic “education”) to become immunocompetent cells: ...
... o Definition: genetically programmed to recognize a single Ag out of an infinite # of possible Ag’s o Lymphocytes are “educated” (maturation & differentiation) in bone marrow (B cells) & thymus (T cells; Thymic “education”) to become immunocompetent cells: ...
Microbiology: Major Histocompatability Complex (MHC) pg. 1 Marc
... proximal domains and 2 membrane distal domains that form a peptide binding cleft. Class II MHCs have two chains – alpha and beta, each with two domains. The peptide sits in a cleft in between the two chains. Class I MHCs have a longer alpha-chain with three domains; the peptide binding site is made ...
... proximal domains and 2 membrane distal domains that form a peptide binding cleft. Class II MHCs have two chains – alpha and beta, each with two domains. The peptide sits in a cleft in between the two chains. Class I MHCs have a longer alpha-chain with three domains; the peptide binding site is made ...
Headache and The Immune System
... The immune system exists to prevent invasion of the body by infection. Immune system cells constantly patrol the bloodstream and brain, seeking to kill foreign organisms such as bacteria. The immune system is a vastly complicated latticework of different parts, some of which directly attack foreign ...
... The immune system exists to prevent invasion of the body by infection. Immune system cells constantly patrol the bloodstream and brain, seeking to kill foreign organisms such as bacteria. The immune system is a vastly complicated latticework of different parts, some of which directly attack foreign ...
Nerve activates contraction
... A)Phagocytosis – second line of nonspecific defense - main component • Neutrophils – enter infected tissue, engulf, destroy microbes; live for 1-2 days • Monocytes – invade tissue, turn into macrophages, phagocytose microbes (use lysosomes); long lived; free/tissue bound ...
... A)Phagocytosis – second line of nonspecific defense - main component • Neutrophils – enter infected tissue, engulf, destroy microbes; live for 1-2 days • Monocytes – invade tissue, turn into macrophages, phagocytose microbes (use lysosomes); long lived; free/tissue bound ...
Untitled
... the bone marrow where they first arise. Each type has different duties to perform and, depending upon the nature of the threat, a different battlefield scenario in which to act. It is clear that a functioning immune system depends on the orderly, coordinated deployment of its various components. But ...
... the bone marrow where they first arise. Each type has different duties to perform and, depending upon the nature of the threat, a different battlefield scenario in which to act. It is clear that a functioning immune system depends on the orderly, coordinated deployment of its various components. But ...
Hematopoiesis
... characterized by cytoplasmic granules which, when released, function in destruction of parasites and also in allergic reactions. The cell releases histamine and platelet activator and other chemical signals. ...
... characterized by cytoplasmic granules which, when released, function in destruction of parasites and also in allergic reactions. The cell releases histamine and platelet activator and other chemical signals. ...
PowerPoint Presentation - Hematopoiesis from pluripotent
... characterized by cytoplasmic granules which, when released, function in destruction of parasites and also in allergic reactions. The cell releases histamine and platelet activator and other chemical signals. ...
... characterized by cytoplasmic granules which, when released, function in destruction of parasites and also in allergic reactions. The cell releases histamine and platelet activator and other chemical signals. ...
Scientific background Activation of the immune system
... invading microorganisms for their survival. Research on the immune system has consequently been of great importance for our understanding of how we can defend ourselves against microorganisms to survive their threat. This research has also led to novel diagnostics and therapies. A number of dis ...
... invading microorganisms for their survival. Research on the immune system has consequently been of great importance for our understanding of how we can defend ourselves against microorganisms to survive their threat. This research has also led to novel diagnostics and therapies. A number of dis ...
Cell-Mediated and Humoral Immune Responses in the Sea
... 12. Leclerc M, Brillouet C, Luquet G, Agogue P, Binaghi RA (1981) Properties of cell subpopulations of starfish axial organ: in vitro effect of pokeweed mitogen and evidence of lymphokine-like substances. Scand J Immunol 14: 281-4. 13. Legac E, Vaugier GL, Bousquet F, Bajelan M, Leclerc M (1996) Pri ...
... 12. Leclerc M, Brillouet C, Luquet G, Agogue P, Binaghi RA (1981) Properties of cell subpopulations of starfish axial organ: in vitro effect of pokeweed mitogen and evidence of lymphokine-like substances. Scand J Immunol 14: 281-4. 13. Legac E, Vaugier GL, Bousquet F, Bajelan M, Leclerc M (1996) Pri ...
(dendritic) cells
... The immune system is the body's defense system. It works on three different levels. The first level is the anatomic response. It consists of anatomical barriers to foreign particles and includes the skin and acid in the stomach. Anatomic barriers prevent foreign substances from entering the body. If ...
... The immune system is the body's defense system. It works on three different levels. The first level is the anatomic response. It consists of anatomical barriers to foreign particles and includes the skin and acid in the stomach. Anatomic barriers prevent foreign substances from entering the body. If ...
MHC molecules, antigen presentation
... synthesized MHC molecules that are „held open” by chaperons. Usually 8-10 amino acids long peptides bind to the peptide-binding groove of MHCI molecules. In this peptide-bound state, the MHC I molecules leave the endoplasmic reticulum and pass through the Golgi-apparatus, finally they appear on the ...
... synthesized MHC molecules that are „held open” by chaperons. Usually 8-10 amino acids long peptides bind to the peptide-binding groove of MHCI molecules. In this peptide-bound state, the MHC I molecules leave the endoplasmic reticulum and pass through the Golgi-apparatus, finally they appear on the ...
Phagocyte
Phagocytes are cells that protect the body by ingesting (phagocytosing) harmful foreign particles, bacteria, and dead or dying cells. Their name comes from the Greek phagein, ""to eat"" or ""devour"", and ""-cyte"", the suffix in biology denoting ""cell"", from the Greek kutos, ""hollow vessel"". They are essential for fighting infections and for subsequent immunity. Phagocytes are important throughout the animal kingdom and are highly developed within vertebrates. One litre of human blood contains about six billion phagocytes. They were first discovered in 1882 by Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov while he was studying starfish larvae. Mechnikov was awarded the 1908 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. Phagocytes occur in many species; some amoebae behave like macrophage phagocytes, which suggests that phagocytes appeared early in the evolution of life.Phagocytes of humans and other animals are called ""professional"" or ""non-professional"" depending on how effective they are at phagocytosis. The professional phagocytes include many types of white blood cells (such as neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and dendritic cells). The main difference between professional and non-professional phagocytes is that the professional phagocytes have molecules called receptors on their surfaces that can detect harmful objects, such as bacteria, that are not normally found in the body. Phagocytes are crucial in fighting infections, as well as in maintaining healthy tissues by removing dead and dying cells that have reached the end of their lifespan.During an infection, chemical signals attract phagocytes to places where the pathogen has invaded the body. These chemicals may come from bacteria or from other phagocytes already present. The phagocytes move by a method called chemotaxis. When phagocytes come into contact with bacteria, the receptors on the phagocyte's surface will bind to them. This binding will lead to the engulfing of the bacteria by the phagocyte. Some phagocytes kill the ingested pathogen with oxidants and nitric oxide. After phagocytosis, macrophages and dendritic cells can also participate in antigen presentation, a process in which a phagocyte moves parts of the ingested material back to its surface. This material is then displayed to other cells of the immune system. Some phagocytes then travel to the body's lymph nodes and display the material to white blood cells called lymphocytes. This process is important in building immunity, and many pathogens have evolved methods to evade attacks by phagocytes.