EPIDEMIOLOGY
... acquired immunity refers to protective antibodies that are directed against a specific agent. Individuals gain protective antibodies in two ways: 1) They develop antibodies in response to infection, vaccine, or toxoid; immunity developed in these ways is called active immunity. 2) They acquire their ...
... acquired immunity refers to protective antibodies that are directed against a specific agent. Individuals gain protective antibodies in two ways: 1) They develop antibodies in response to infection, vaccine, or toxoid; immunity developed in these ways is called active immunity. 2) They acquire their ...
Welcome to Virology Lecture
... bacillus, rickettsiae and chlamydia have all evolved in this direction. Begs the question of RNA virus evolution ? Progressive theory: Normal cellular nucleic acids that gained the ability to replicate autonomously and therefore to evolve. DNA viruses came from plasmids or transposable ...
... bacillus, rickettsiae and chlamydia have all evolved in this direction. Begs the question of RNA virus evolution ? Progressive theory: Normal cellular nucleic acids that gained the ability to replicate autonomously and therefore to evolve. DNA viruses came from plasmids or transposable ...
Establishment of New Transmissible and Drug
... replicative capacity similar to that of the original wild type. There was evidence that the new viruses were transmissible and rapidly converted by a single mutation to a drug-resistant phenotype when suboptimal antiviral therapy was introduced. ...
... replicative capacity similar to that of the original wild type. There was evidence that the new viruses were transmissible and rapidly converted by a single mutation to a drug-resistant phenotype when suboptimal antiviral therapy was introduced. ...
West Nile virus infection in killer whale, Texas, USA, 2007
... infection carries a risk for zoonotic transmission. Until the implications of this infection in marine mammals are better understood, biologists and veterinarians working with cetaceans should consider this possibility. Potential viral shedding can occur through the oropharygeal cavity and feces as ...
... infection carries a risk for zoonotic transmission. Until the implications of this infection in marine mammals are better understood, biologists and veterinarians working with cetaceans should consider this possibility. Potential viral shedding can occur through the oropharygeal cavity and feces as ...
Myxomatosis
... basophilic aggregations that vary in size and number and give the culture a leopard-skin appearance. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions remain discrete, if present at all. Affected cells round up, contract and become pyknotic. They then lyse and become detached from the glass or plastic suppor ...
... basophilic aggregations that vary in size and number and give the culture a leopard-skin appearance. Eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusions remain discrete, if present at all. Affected cells round up, contract and become pyknotic. They then lyse and become detached from the glass or plastic suppor ...
Erika – Gastrointeritis
... nausea, abdominal cramps, anorexia, and malaise. Several features can help distinguish gastroenteritis caused by viruses from that caused by bacterial agents. However, the distinction based on clinical and epidemiologic parameters alone is often difficult, and laboratory tests may be required to con ...
... nausea, abdominal cramps, anorexia, and malaise. Several features can help distinguish gastroenteritis caused by viruses from that caused by bacterial agents. However, the distinction based on clinical and epidemiologic parameters alone is often difficult, and laboratory tests may be required to con ...
Human and Animal Viruses in Food
... are difficult to culture and generally do not produce CPE in cell cultures. Immunofluorescence is often used for detection of HAV antigen in infected cells because of the lack of CPE. The virus is usually slow-growing and the yield in cell cultures is lower as compared with most other picornaviruses. ...
... are difficult to culture and generally do not produce CPE in cell cultures. Immunofluorescence is often used for detection of HAV antigen in infected cells because of the lack of CPE. The virus is usually slow-growing and the yield in cell cultures is lower as compared with most other picornaviruses. ...
Why Should We Care? What Do We Do About It?
... Europe [32] and then may potentially cause a pandemic. In the February, the United Kingdom reported four cases of Zika virus disease and these are being classified as ‘travel related’ as all cases had recent travel to South America [33] and one case has been reported in South Africa. The spread of Z ...
... Europe [32] and then may potentially cause a pandemic. In the February, the United Kingdom reported four cases of Zika virus disease and these are being classified as ‘travel related’ as all cases had recent travel to South America [33] and one case has been reported in South Africa. The spread of Z ...
Understanding Viruses, Third Edition SEE WHAT`S NEW TO THE
... epidemiology statistics, and more. Chapters discussing specific viral diseases weave in an epidemiological and global perspective and include treatment and prevention information. Contemporary case studies, Refresher Boxes, and Virus Files engage students in the learning process. Comprehensive yet a ...
... epidemiology statistics, and more. Chapters discussing specific viral diseases weave in an epidemiological and global perspective and include treatment and prevention information. Contemporary case studies, Refresher Boxes, and Virus Files engage students in the learning process. Comprehensive yet a ...
MS Word - CL Davis Foundation
... Rx with such a narrow-spectrum antibiotic frequently results in a fatal overgrowth with Clostridium difficile. Enteritis has also been associated with other bacterial infections in this species (eg. Campylobacter, hemolytic E. coli). Histopathology: Changes associated with Lawsonia intracellularis, ...
... Rx with such a narrow-spectrum antibiotic frequently results in a fatal overgrowth with Clostridium difficile. Enteritis has also been associated with other bacterial infections in this species (eg. Campylobacter, hemolytic E. coli). Histopathology: Changes associated with Lawsonia intracellularis, ...
Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: a review
... During the 63rd General Session of the Office International des Epizooties ( OIE, Paris, 15 to 19 May 1995), it was estimated that IBD has considerable socio-economic importance at the international level, as the disease is present in more than 95% of the Member Countries ( Eterradossi, 1995). In th ...
... During the 63rd General Session of the Office International des Epizooties ( OIE, Paris, 15 to 19 May 1995), it was estimated that IBD has considerable socio-economic importance at the international level, as the disease is present in more than 95% of the Member Countries ( Eterradossi, 1995). In th ...
- Veterinary Research
... insects. Recent changes in the global distribution and nature of BTV infection have been especially dramatic, with spread of multiple serotypes of the virus throughout extensive portions of Europe and invasion of the south-eastern USA with previously exotic virus serotypes. Although climate change h ...
... insects. Recent changes in the global distribution and nature of BTV infection have been especially dramatic, with spread of multiple serotypes of the virus throughout extensive portions of Europe and invasion of the south-eastern USA with previously exotic virus serotypes. Although climate change h ...
Human rhinovirus capsid dynamics is controlled by canyon flexibility
... families and include polio, hepatitis A, foot-and-mouth disease, and rhinoviruses. Rhinoviruses, of which there are more than 100 serotypes, are major causative agents of the common cold in humans (Rueckert, 1996). Human rhinovirus infections begin with binding of the virion to their receptor on the ...
... families and include polio, hepatitis A, foot-and-mouth disease, and rhinoviruses. Rhinoviruses, of which there are more than 100 serotypes, are major causative agents of the common cold in humans (Rueckert, 1996). Human rhinovirus infections begin with binding of the virion to their receptor on the ...
Respiratory disease in sheep 1. Differential diagnosis and
... interstitial bronchopneumonia that is often subclinical. However, when clinical signs do occur they include a chronic, persistent, soft cough (which can lead to rectal prolapse), an ocular discharge and a mucopurulent nasal discharge, with signs potentially lasting for six months or more. Cases are ...
... interstitial bronchopneumonia that is often subclinical. However, when clinical signs do occur they include a chronic, persistent, soft cough (which can lead to rectal prolapse), an ocular discharge and a mucopurulent nasal discharge, with signs potentially lasting for six months or more. Cases are ...
The Regionalisation of Avian Flu in Southeast Asia
... The second question can be ultimately answered as a failure – at some level or levels – of the host nation-state, which if left unchecked can then spill over the border into other states. Colebatch and Larmour identify three meta-level sectors where such failures can occur: the bureaucracy, the mark ...
... The second question can be ultimately answered as a failure – at some level or levels – of the host nation-state, which if left unchecked can then spill over the border into other states. Colebatch and Larmour identify three meta-level sectors where such failures can occur: the bureaucracy, the mark ...
Reye`s Syndrome - Boston Public Health Commission
... Reye’s Syndrome What is Reye’s syndrome? Reye’s syndrome is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children and may follow a viral illness such as the flu (influenza) or chickenpox (varicella). While Reye’s syndrome can affect all organs in the body, it most commonly causes swelling of ...
... Reye’s Syndrome What is Reye’s syndrome? Reye’s syndrome is a rare but serious condition that primarily affects children and may follow a viral illness such as the flu (influenza) or chickenpox (varicella). While Reye’s syndrome can affect all organs in the body, it most commonly causes swelling of ...
ELISA test reveals new information about leafroll disease
... that are rare in California have been described and ELISAs for them were not included. In all three experiments conducted in 1989,1990 and 1991, a positive ELISA result was obtained with tissue from selections that tested negative in the biological index on ’Cabernet Franc’. This suggests that eithe ...
... that are rare in California have been described and ELISAs for them were not included. In all three experiments conducted in 1989,1990 and 1991, a positive ELISA result was obtained with tissue from selections that tested negative in the biological index on ’Cabernet Franc’. This suggests that eithe ...
Feline Leukemia
... second test performed eight to twelve weeks after the first test may be required to confirm persistent infection. In some situations, it may be necessary to confirm infection through further blood testing at a specialized laboratory where more sophisticated tests are available. ...
... second test performed eight to twelve weeks after the first test may be required to confirm persistent infection. In some situations, it may be necessary to confirm infection through further blood testing at a specialized laboratory where more sophisticated tests are available. ...
infectious disease serologic survey in free
... reptile populations and are an important consideration in reptile reintroduction and translocation projects. There have been limited serologic studies of free-ranging reptiles for evidence of exposure to potential pathogens. In the present study, serum or plasma samples from five male and five femal ...
... reptile populations and are an important consideration in reptile reintroduction and translocation projects. There have been limited serologic studies of free-ranging reptiles for evidence of exposure to potential pathogens. In the present study, serum or plasma samples from five male and five femal ...
aquaculturehealth - Aquaculture Magazine Incorporating Aquaculture
... Meanwhile, laboratory studies have suggested that although larvae may be insusceptible, very high mortality will occur in fish weighing between 2.5g and 6g. The mortality then apparently declines as fish become bigger and older. Obtaining a more precise understanding of this age-related mortality wo ...
... Meanwhile, laboratory studies have suggested that although larvae may be insusceptible, very high mortality will occur in fish weighing between 2.5g and 6g. The mortality then apparently declines as fish become bigger and older. Obtaining a more precise understanding of this age-related mortality wo ...
Viral infection of the respiratory tract -- 2
... resulted from direct contact with infected poultry or surfaces contaminated with their secretions. The spread of avian flu from infected person to others have been reported rarely. Symptoms in humans have ranged from typical flulike symptoms, severe anemia to severe acute respiratory diseases. ...
... resulted from direct contact with infected poultry or surfaces contaminated with their secretions. The spread of avian flu from infected person to others have been reported rarely. Symptoms in humans have ranged from typical flulike symptoms, severe anemia to severe acute respiratory diseases. ...
03-06-2014-RRA-Virus-Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone
... involves three countries: Guinea, Liberia and most recently Sierra Leone. This is the first documented EVD outbreak in these countries. By week 14 of 2014, it looked like the control measures would bring the outbreak to a halt but the situation has now evolved in another direction. In week 22 of 201 ...
... involves three countries: Guinea, Liberia and most recently Sierra Leone. This is the first documented EVD outbreak in these countries. By week 14 of 2014, it looked like the control measures would bring the outbreak to a halt but the situation has now evolved in another direction. In week 22 of 201 ...
Adeno-Associated Virus and AAV Vectors
... The first human AAV was discovered in 1965 as a contaminant of adenovirus preparations. The picture on the left shows AAV particles (blue) and adenoviruses (red). Little is known about naturally occurring AAV infections, since AAV has not been associated with any pathology in humans and AAV particle ...
... The first human AAV was discovered in 1965 as a contaminant of adenovirus preparations. The picture on the left shows AAV particles (blue) and adenoviruses (red). Little is known about naturally occurring AAV infections, since AAV has not been associated with any pathology in humans and AAV particle ...
AVIAN INFECTIOUS BURSAL DISEASE VACCINE (LIVE) Vaccinum
... the second group 21 days after the injection ; there is no evidence of infectious avian bursal disease infection. In addition there are no signs of any disease attributable to the vaccine and no abnormal local reaction develops. The chickens of the second group do not have antibodies against infecti ...
... the second group 21 days after the injection ; there is no evidence of infectious avian bursal disease infection. In addition there are no signs of any disease attributable to the vaccine and no abnormal local reaction develops. The chickens of the second group do not have antibodies against infecti ...
Local Transmission of Zika Infection is Feasible in Non
... people of any age who contract infection, it is estimated that four of every five adults who are infected with Zika do not exhibit any clinical manifestations [11]. Hence, they may be entirely unaware of their contact with this virus and act as asymptomatic carriers of infection for several days aft ...
... people of any age who contract infection, it is estimated that four of every five adults who are infected with Zika do not exhibit any clinical manifestations [11]. Hence, they may be entirely unaware of their contact with this virus and act as asymptomatic carriers of infection for several days aft ...
Taura syndrome
Taura syndrome is one of the more devastating diseases affecting the shrimp farming industry worldwide.Taura syndrome (TS) was first described in Ecuador during the summer of 1992. In March 1993, it returned as a major epidemic and was the object of extensive media coverage. Retrospective studies have suggested a case of Taura syndrome might have occurred on a shrimp farm in Colombia as early as 1990 and the virus was already present in Ecuador in mid-1991. Between 1992 and 1997, the disease spread to all major regions of the Americas where whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) is cultured. The economic impact of TS in the Americas during that period might have exceeded US$ 2 billion by some estimates.