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Intracellular signalling: The chloroplast talks!
Intracellular signalling: The chloroplast talks!

... defects in developmental responses to light — photomorphogenesis — they isolated a novel mutant with a Ds transposon inserted into the nuclear gene for a chloroplast protein. The mutant is called long after far-red 6 (laf6) and, as the name suggests, its main phenotype is impaired hypocotyl growth i ...
highly abundant
highly abundant

... Tissue-distribution (human) 1, Standard 2, brain 3, heart 4, kidney 5, liver 6, lung 7, pancreas 8, prostate 9, muscle 10, intestine 11, spleen 12, testis Source: Ph. D. Thesis, Philip Sherratt, 1999 ...
Spring 2013
Spring 2013

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IL-13 - York College of Pennsylvania
IL-13 - York College of Pennsylvania

... IL-13 ligand has been experimentally attached to other proteins to produce a new fusion or ‘chimera’ protein. By successfully developing a fused protein consisting of more than one active part, researchers have been able to successfully develop a single protein with multiple functions and potential ...
AtVPS45 Is a Positive Regulator of the SYP41
AtVPS45 Is a Positive Regulator of the SYP41

... proteins may require the VSR family of vacuolar sorting receptors (Kirsch et al., 1994; Ahmed et al., 2000; daSilva et al., 2005; Foresti et al., 2006). Sorting of storage proteins with ctVSDs also seems to be receptor mediated, and candidates for the storage protein receptor include the VSR and RMR ...
Detection and Sequencing of the Transposable Element ILS
Detection and Sequencing of the Transposable Element ILS

... terminal inverted repeats. No significant homology was detected with any transposable elements in any of the searches. Although the EnhancerlSuppressor elements have 13-bp TIRs (Schwarz-Sommer et al., 1985), there was no homology between the ILS-1 TIRs and EnhancerlSuppressor TIRs. This suggests tha ...
Leukaemia Section t(11;19)(q23;p13.3) MLL/ACER1 Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology
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... Only one case to date, a case of congenital leukemia (Lo Nigro et al., 2002). ...
  The Pax and large Maf families of genes in mammalian eye development  Vertebrate eye development is dependent on the coordinated action of thousands of genes. A  specific group of over one hundred of regulatory genes is both responsible for ocular cell 
  The Pax and large Maf families of genes in mammalian eye development  Vertebrate eye development is dependent on the coordinated action of thousands of genes. A  specific group of over one hundred of regulatory genes is both responsible for ocular cell 

... The mammalian family of Pax genes is comprised of nine members (see Fig. 1) (for recent  reviews, see Chi and Epstein, 2003). The Pax proteins (paired box proteins) share a common  128 amino acid domain, the paired domain (PD). The PD acts as a bipartite specific DNA‐ binding domain. Each PD is comp ...
Homology-based cloning and expression analysis of Rf genes
Homology-based cloning and expression analysis of Rf genes

... repeats (TPRs), they were given the name PPR to briefly describe the large PPR-containing protein family. Although the PPR proteins have only been recognized less than 15 years, it is already clear that this protein family is mainly targeted to mitochondria and chloroplasts and has broad essential f ...
Protein Structure Prediction
Protein Structure Prediction

... AlphaPred: A web server for prediction of -turns in proteins (http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/alphapred/) Harpreet Kaur and G P S Raghava (2003) Prediction of -turns in proteins using PSI-BLAST profiles and secondary structure information. Proteins . ...
Sequence identity and homology
Sequence identity and homology

... It can be used to align proteins that are not related throughout their lengths but share a conserved domain, as well as proteins with very unevenly distributed sequence similarity. Many many such cases exist. Thus, when one has no prior knowledge of what to expect, local alignment routines are prefe ...
L-Tyrosine - Douglas Labs
L-Tyrosine - Douglas Labs

... Deutsch SI, Rosse RB, Schwartz BL, Banay-Schwartz M, McCarthy MF, Johri SK. L-tyrosine pharmacotherapy of schizophrenia: preliminary data. Clin Neuropharmacol 1994;17:53-62. Elwes RD, Crewes H, Chesterman LP, et al. Treatment of narcolepsy with L-tyrosine: double-blind placebocontrolled trial. Lance ...
From Gene to Protein
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... that ensures its delivery to the correct cellular location. ...
Immunocal is a patented natural supplement that is scientifically
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... scientific research, authored and published research on immune response. In the 1980’s Dr. Wulf Dröge (PhD Immunology, Immunochemistry) was the first to describe the effect of glutathione on the immune system in a living organism and first to discover that immunocompromised individuals such as AIDS ...
Sample Lecture Syllabus for CHEM222
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... a wide range of biochemical phenomena by revisiting many concepts that were covered in other chemistry and biology courses. The emphasis will be in demonstrating how these two disciplines can be integrated into a single interdisciplinary approach, to better understand and explain the world we live i ...
Insights from the HuR-interacting transcriptome: ncRNAs, ubiquitin
Insights from the HuR-interacting transcriptome: ncRNAs, ubiquitin

... extensive concentration of Ubiquitin Pathway genes among the HuR-positive transcripts and suggested that HuR not only affect the production of protein but also regulate the ubiqutin pathways of their selective degradation. In another way, the authors analyzed the number of natural antisense transcri ...
The Distribution of Polycomb-Group Proteins During Cell Division
The Distribution of Polycomb-Group Proteins During Cell Division

... intensities in the vast majority of loci argues against a PcG-mediated sequestration of repressed target genes by aggregation into subnuclear domains. In contrast to the case for PEV repression (Csink, A.K., and S. Henikoff. 1996. Nature. 381:529–531), there is a lack of correlation between the occu ...
Bioinformatics of Insulin
Bioinformatics of Insulin

... gene, translate this into a protein sequence, and analyze the translation product. The goal here is to figure out how the insulin gene product is processed during biosynthesis of the molecule. a. Find the DNA sequence for the insulin gene in GenBank GenBank (b) is an annotated collection of all publ ...
binding domains demonstrated in a plant split
binding domains demonstrated in a plant split

... a GAP (GTPase-activating protein) arginine finger suggested reciprocal activation of one monomer by the other. However, recent studies led to the hypothesis either that additional external factors are required for catalytic activation of atToc33/psToc34 or that activation is achieved by heterodimeri ...
Wheat Germ Cell-‐Free Protein Expression
Wheat Germ Cell-‐Free Protein Expression

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Chapter 15. Recognition of foreign molecules by the immune system
Chapter 15. Recognition of foreign molecules by the immune system

... The immunoglobulin fold is best described as two antiparallel β sheets packed tightly against each other Branden & Tooze (1998), Introduction to protein structure, 2nd ed., p.304. ...
Human CHMP6, a myristoylated ESCRT-III protein, interacts directly
Human CHMP6, a myristoylated ESCRT-III protein, interacts directly

... often oriented closer to the nucleus. An MVB (multivesicular body) is defined as an endosome that contains a characteristic accumulation of vesicles in its lumen, as shown by morphological observation, and such bodies are often seen in late endosomes ...
Redox Homeostasis and Signaling - University of Nebraska–Lincoln
Redox Homeostasis and Signaling - University of Nebraska–Lincoln

... Oxygen toxicity was mitigated during evolution by the development of oxidative stress defense systems and signaling systems for the control of intracellular ROS. The level of ROS is controlled not only by environmental and metabolic processes but also by ROS generation. ROS-based signaling that invo ...
Make:targeting signals
Make:targeting signals

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Signal transduction networks and the biology of plant cells*
Signal transduction networks and the biology of plant cells*

... The development of plant transformation in the mid-1980s and of many new tools for cell biology, molecular genetics, and biochemistry has resulted in enormous progress in plant biology in the past decade. With the completion of the genome sequence of Arabidopsis thaliana just around the corner, we c ...
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Protein moonlighting



Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.
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