Viral mechanisms of immune evasion
... Lastly, some viruses encode Fc receptors1 (Table 1). Antibodies viruses (herpesviruses and poxviruses) and their existence suggests that viruses have ‘stolen’ genes from the host that were subsequently bound to infected cells or virus particles might therefore be bound at modified for the benefit of ...
... Lastly, some viruses encode Fc receptors1 (Table 1). Antibodies viruses (herpesviruses and poxviruses) and their existence suggests that viruses have ‘stolen’ genes from the host that were subsequently bound to infected cells or virus particles might therefore be bound at modified for the benefit of ...
Mutations in the parkin gene cause autosomal
... obtained an additional 27 clones (see Methods). This extraordinary number of clones implicated in the prospective gene was large, and we estimate parkin to be over 500 kb, with large introns (S.A. et al., manuscript in preparation). The sequence of genomic regions corresponding to the entire cDNA wa ...
... obtained an additional 27 clones (see Methods). This extraordinary number of clones implicated in the prospective gene was large, and we estimate parkin to be over 500 kb, with large introns (S.A. et al., manuscript in preparation). The sequence of genomic regions corresponding to the entire cDNA wa ...
molecular biology
... A 3D structural element or fold, which appears also in a variety of other molecules In the context of proteins, the term is sometimes used interchangeably with “structure domain,” although a domain need not be a motif nor, if it contains a motif, need not be made up of only one ...
... A 3D structural element or fold, which appears also in a variety of other molecules In the context of proteins, the term is sometimes used interchangeably with “structure domain,” although a domain need not be a motif nor, if it contains a motif, need not be made up of only one ...
Enzymes
... • The Michaelis-Menten equation describes the velocity of enzymatic reactions (v) by relating it to [S] - concentration of a substrate S • It permits prediction of whether or not the rate of formation of product will be affected by the availability of substrate • Vmax- the theoretical maximum rate o ...
... • The Michaelis-Menten equation describes the velocity of enzymatic reactions (v) by relating it to [S] - concentration of a substrate S • It permits prediction of whether or not the rate of formation of product will be affected by the availability of substrate • Vmax- the theoretical maximum rate o ...
Slides - WordPress.com
... Gene Expression by CsrA and CsrB/CsrC RNA Benefits of this Regulatory Strategy (1)There is a low energy investment and short synthesis time to produce an RNA regulator. (2) A single RNA can bind 18 regulator proteins, thereby amplifying its control (3) Post-transcriptional control results in almost ...
... Gene Expression by CsrA and CsrB/CsrC RNA Benefits of this Regulatory Strategy (1)There is a low energy investment and short synthesis time to produce an RNA regulator. (2) A single RNA can bind 18 regulator proteins, thereby amplifying its control (3) Post-transcriptional control results in almost ...
Polyamines Regulate Growth Factor
... Grb2 or Shc via its SH2 domain, to bind to phosphotyrosine residue. Shc becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to growth factors and src family kinases (3). This signaling protein is constitutively phosphorylated at tyrosine residue (s) in a number of breast cancer cell lines but no ...
... Grb2 or Shc via its SH2 domain, to bind to phosphotyrosine residue. Shc becomes phosphorylated on tyrosine residues in response to growth factors and src family kinases (3). This signaling protein is constitutively phosphorylated at tyrosine residue (s) in a number of breast cancer cell lines but no ...
Nuclear and nucleolar targeting of human ribosomal protein
... Therefore, further analyses of the nucleolar targeting of other ribosomal proteins seem to be required to gain insights into not only ribosomal biogenesis, but also the role of the nucleolar localization of such RNAbinding transactivators. Ribosomes can be regarded as huge RNA-protein complexes, whi ...
... Therefore, further analyses of the nucleolar targeting of other ribosomal proteins seem to be required to gain insights into not only ribosomal biogenesis, but also the role of the nucleolar localization of such RNAbinding transactivators. Ribosomes can be regarded as huge RNA-protein complexes, whi ...
Loss of Function but No Gain of Function Caused by
... Homeodomain containing transcription factors of the Hox family play critical roles in patterning the anteroposterior embryonic body axis, as well as in controlling several steps of organogenesis. Several Hox proteins have been shown to cooperate with members of the Pbx family for the recognition and ...
... Homeodomain containing transcription factors of the Hox family play critical roles in patterning the anteroposterior embryonic body axis, as well as in controlling several steps of organogenesis. Several Hox proteins have been shown to cooperate with members of the Pbx family for the recognition and ...
Viruses: Making Friends with Old Foes
... groups (7–9). The utility of this (Fig. 1): the exterior, the interior, and the interface between protein Fig. 1. A schematic of the three important interfaces available for chemical approach has been demonstrated subunits making up the container and genetic manipulation in an assembled viral protei ...
... groups (7–9). The utility of this (Fig. 1): the exterior, the interior, and the interface between protein Fig. 1. A schematic of the three important interfaces available for chemical approach has been demonstrated subunits making up the container and genetic manipulation in an assembled viral protei ...
2-Oxoacid dehydrogenase multienzyme complexes
... From the sequence alignments, it is predicted that H. volcanii ORF3 encodes an E2-like protein. If this is indeed the case, then the boundaries of typical E2 structural domains and motifs should be identifiable within the predicted amino acid sequence. However, before this can be investigated, accou ...
... From the sequence alignments, it is predicted that H. volcanii ORF3 encodes an E2-like protein. If this is indeed the case, then the boundaries of typical E2 structural domains and motifs should be identifiable within the predicted amino acid sequence. However, before this can be investigated, accou ...
Separation of nuclear protein complexes by blue native
... against actins, Pol I, Pol II, UBF, snRNPs, and NDH II (Fig. 2) showed that except labile actin complexes, the complexes of other tested proteins were fairly stable. The specificity of antibody labeling on native gel blots was confirmed by 2-D BN/SDS-PAGE, where the coordinates of detected protein o ...
... against actins, Pol I, Pol II, UBF, snRNPs, and NDH II (Fig. 2) showed that except labile actin complexes, the complexes of other tested proteins were fairly stable. The specificity of antibody labeling on native gel blots was confirmed by 2-D BN/SDS-PAGE, where the coordinates of detected protein o ...
Slide 1
... One gene, one enzyme hypothesis: a gene contains the information for producing a specific enzyme ...
... One gene, one enzyme hypothesis: a gene contains the information for producing a specific enzyme ...
Author`s personal copy
... The aim of this model is to investigate the minimal conditions that allow for complex evolutionary relationships to emerge between the genotype–phenotype map and genome structure. Modelling precisely a particular gene network or specific biochemical reactions is, therefore, not the purpose. Here, the ...
... The aim of this model is to investigate the minimal conditions that allow for complex evolutionary relationships to emerge between the genotype–phenotype map and genome structure. Modelling precisely a particular gene network or specific biochemical reactions is, therefore, not the purpose. Here, the ...
Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 – thirty years of strain
... et al., 1996), but not by QM9414 or RUT-C30 transformed with the wild-type cre1 gene. The expression of genes encoding cellulases and factors involved in protein folding and transport in RUT-C30 at different physiological states was also examined using Northern analysis, indicating higher cellobiohy ...
... et al., 1996), but not by QM9414 or RUT-C30 transformed with the wild-type cre1 gene. The expression of genes encoding cellulases and factors involved in protein folding and transport in RUT-C30 at different physiological states was also examined using Northern analysis, indicating higher cellobiohy ...
mechanism of the flagellar export system and its potential
... is assembled from FlgE monomers. The FlgL and FlgK proteins are the hook-filament junction proteins; they connect the hook and the filament. The long helical filament is constructed from the subunit FliC (flagellin). The whole structure is sealed by the pentameric FliD cap. Axial proteins include e ...
... is assembled from FlgE monomers. The FlgL and FlgK proteins are the hook-filament junction proteins; they connect the hook and the filament. The long helical filament is constructed from the subunit FliC (flagellin). The whole structure is sealed by the pentameric FliD cap. Axial proteins include e ...
Basic Concepts of Bioinformatics
... human genome we compare it with the already found genes which are stored in the databases. Since there are large number of databases we cannot do sequence alignment for each and every sequence So heuristics must be used again. M.Alroy Mascrenghe ...
... human genome we compare it with the already found genes which are stored in the databases. Since there are large number of databases we cannot do sequence alignment for each and every sequence So heuristics must be used again. M.Alroy Mascrenghe ...
Digestive Enzymes Plus
... secretions that block the ducts and tubules of the pancreas and prohibit the excretion of certain digestive enzymes into the intestines where the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The destruction of the pancreas, while gradual to some extent, is probably 90% complete if you have been diag ...
... secretions that block the ducts and tubules of the pancreas and prohibit the excretion of certain digestive enzymes into the intestines where the nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream. The destruction of the pancreas, while gradual to some extent, is probably 90% complete if you have been diag ...
IIIp-1 nuc Neurospora crassa
... sulphate assimilation pathway enzymes. METR protein level and/or activity is negatively regulated by a SCF ubiquitin ligase complex which consists of the proteins encoded by the scon (sulphur controller) genes. Both metR and scon genes constitute a regulatory system known as sulphur metabolite repre ...
... sulphate assimilation pathway enzymes. METR protein level and/or activity is negatively regulated by a SCF ubiquitin ligase complex which consists of the proteins encoded by the scon (sulphur controller) genes. Both metR and scon genes constitute a regulatory system known as sulphur metabolite repre ...
Sophistication of foldamer form and function in
... Foldamers that function as CPPs must tolerate multiple cationic groups along their backbone. Although proline itself is not easily modified in this way, Chmielewski and co-workers [14,15] reported previously that oligomers of hydroxyproline bearing precisely arrayed hydrophobic and cationic appendag ...
... Foldamers that function as CPPs must tolerate multiple cationic groups along their backbone. Although proline itself is not easily modified in this way, Chmielewski and co-workers [14,15] reported previously that oligomers of hydroxyproline bearing precisely arrayed hydrophobic and cationic appendag ...
Analysis of High Accuracy, Quantitative Proteomics Data in the
... in other organisms. The InParanoid eukaryotic ortholog database contains pairwise orthologs of 100 organisms (20). MaxQB integrates this information to allow the user to jump directly to the proteomes of other organisms. For example, Fig. 3B lists two ortholog proteins in yeast and mouse. Clicking o ...
... in other organisms. The InParanoid eukaryotic ortholog database contains pairwise orthologs of 100 organisms (20). MaxQB integrates this information to allow the user to jump directly to the proteomes of other organisms. For example, Fig. 3B lists two ortholog proteins in yeast and mouse. Clicking o ...
Session 6: Embryogenesis
... Here we report that an essential gene DEE (defective embryo and endosperm) plays an active role in embryo/endosperm communication. The dee-/- mutant was embryo lethal, in which both embryo and endosperm development were arrested at very early stage. DEE protein targeted to multiple compartments, i.e ...
... Here we report that an essential gene DEE (defective embryo and endosperm) plays an active role in embryo/endosperm communication. The dee-/- mutant was embryo lethal, in which both embryo and endosperm development were arrested at very early stage. DEE protein targeted to multiple compartments, i.e ...
The plant nuclear envelope and regulation of gene expression
... These experiments were each conducted using whole seedlings but at slightly different times during plant development. This makes direct comparisons difficult even though many patterns are clear. In order to understand this situation more fully, it would be necessary to compare levels of gene express ...
... These experiments were each conducted using whole seedlings but at slightly different times during plant development. This makes direct comparisons difficult even though many patterns are clear. In order to understand this situation more fully, it would be necessary to compare levels of gene express ...
Brooker Chapter 14
... Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display ...
... Copyright ©The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display ...
A New Signal Sequence for Recombinant Protein Secretion in
... Pichia pastoris is one of the most widely used expression systems for the secretory expression of recombinant proteins. The secretory expression in P. pastoris usually makes use of the prepro MATα sequence from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has a dibasic amino acid cleavage site at the end of the ...
... Pichia pastoris is one of the most widely used expression systems for the secretory expression of recombinant proteins. The secretory expression in P. pastoris usually makes use of the prepro MATα sequence from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which has a dibasic amino acid cleavage site at the end of the ...
Forces Produced by Protofilament Curls Nucleotide Preference for End Binding Proteins
... • GTPγS microtubules had brighter tips than GTP microtubules • EB3 showed the greatest binding affinity at the tip for both microtubule types • EB2 showed the greatest binding affinity for GTPγS microtubul ...
... • GTPγS microtubules had brighter tips than GTP microtubules • EB3 showed the greatest binding affinity at the tip for both microtubule types • EB2 showed the greatest binding affinity for GTPγS microtubul ...
Protein moonlighting
Protein moonlighting (or gene sharing) is a phenomenon by which a protein can perform more than one function. Ancestral moonlighting proteins originally possessed a single function but through evolution, acquired additional functions. Many proteins that moonlight are enzymes; others are receptors, ion channels or chaperones. The most common primary function of moonlighting proteins is enzymatic catalysis, but these enzymes have acquired secondary non-enzymatic roles. Some examples of functions of moonlighting proteins secondary to catalysis include signal transduction, transcriptional regulation, apoptosis, motility, and structural.Protein moonlighting may occur widely in nature. Protein moonlighting through gene sharing differs from the use of a single gene to generate different proteins by alternative RNA splicing, DNA rearrangement, or post-translational processing. It is also different from multifunctionality of the protein, in which the protein has multiple domains, each serving a different function. Protein moonlighting by gene sharing means that a gene may acquire and maintain a second function without gene duplication and without loss of the primary function. Such genes are under two or more entirely different selective constraints.Various techniques have been used to reveal moonlighting functions in proteins. The detection of a protein in unexpected locations within cells, cell types, or tissues may suggest that a protein has a moonlighting function. Furthermore, sequence or structure homology of a protein may be used to infer both primary function as well as secondary moonlighting functions of a protein.The most well-studied examples of gene sharing are crystallins. These proteins, when expressed at low levels in many tissues function as enzymes, but when expressed at high levels in eye tissue, become densely packed and thus form lenses. While the recognition of gene sharing is relatively recent—the term was coined in 1988, after crystallins in chickens and ducks were found to be identical to separately identified enzymes—recent studies have found many examples throughout the living world. Joram Piatigorsky has suggested that many or all proteins exhibit gene sharing to some extent, and that gene sharing is a key aspect of molecular evolution. The genes encoding crystallins must maintain sequences for catalytic function and transparency maintenance function.Inappropriate moonlighting is a contributing factor in some genetic diseases, and moonlighting provides a possible mechanism by which bacteria may become resistant to antibiotics.