- Wiley Online Library
... It has been shown in many organisms that, in response to nutrient or energy deficiency (depletion of amino acid or cellular ATP level), TOR decreases protein synthesis by inhibiting the biogenesis of ribosomes as well as the initiation and elongation stages of translation (Wang & Proud, 2006; Wullsc ...
... It has been shown in many organisms that, in response to nutrient or energy deficiency (depletion of amino acid or cellular ATP level), TOR decreases protein synthesis by inhibiting the biogenesis of ribosomes as well as the initiation and elongation stages of translation (Wang & Proud, 2006; Wullsc ...
Ph.D. Thesis Azar Shahpiri
... acid (GA) signal by synthesizing hydrolytic enzymes that are released to the endosperm, before undergoing cell death. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone layer can be separated from the other seed tissues and maintained in culture, allowing the study of GA, abscisic acid (ABA) and other signals in ...
... acid (GA) signal by synthesizing hydrolytic enzymes that are released to the endosperm, before undergoing cell death. The barley (Hordeum vulgare) aleurone layer can be separated from the other seed tissues and maintained in culture, allowing the study of GA, abscisic acid (ABA) and other signals in ...
Chromosome Segregation in Budding Yeast: Sister Chromatid
... distributed to daughter cells at the metaphase–anaphase transition. The establishment of proteinaceous bridges between sister chromatids, a function provided by a ring-shaped complex known as cohesin, is central to accurate segregation. It is the destruction of this cohesin that triggers the segrega ...
... distributed to daughter cells at the metaphase–anaphase transition. The establishment of proteinaceous bridges between sister chromatids, a function provided by a ring-shaped complex known as cohesin, is central to accurate segregation. It is the destruction of this cohesin that triggers the segrega ...
Structure and Function Relationships between ATPase Family, AAA
... 1.1 Translesion DNA Synthesis Faithful replication of a cell’s genetic material during replication is essential in order to pass genetic material from one generation to the next; however, DNA-damaging agents constantly injure the genome. High fidelity replication of the cell’s genetic material is no ...
... 1.1 Translesion DNA Synthesis Faithful replication of a cell’s genetic material during replication is essential in order to pass genetic material from one generation to the next; however, DNA-damaging agents constantly injure the genome. High fidelity replication of the cell’s genetic material is no ...
Maternal control of the Drosophila dorsalventral body axis
... the tracheal spiracles also known as Filzkörper. Cells originating in ventrolateral regions generate the conspicuous band of ventral denticles that aid the embryo in moving through food. Finally, cells derived from the most ventral region of the embryo do not contribute to the cuticle. Rather, they ...
... the tracheal spiracles also known as Filzkörper. Cells originating in ventrolateral regions generate the conspicuous band of ventral denticles that aid the embryo in moving through food. Finally, cells derived from the most ventral region of the embryo do not contribute to the cuticle. Rather, they ...
S C T
... pore-forming toxins) partition spontaneously into the host cell membrane where they fold and/or assemble and form integral membrane protein pores that promote translocation of toxins into the cytoplasm of the host cell (Krantz et al., 2005). The membrane spanning part of these pores can either have ...
... pore-forming toxins) partition spontaneously into the host cell membrane where they fold and/or assemble and form integral membrane protein pores that promote translocation of toxins into the cytoplasm of the host cell (Krantz et al., 2005). The membrane spanning part of these pores can either have ...
Structure and properties of the outer membranes of Brucella abortus
... maltodextrins when cloned in E. coli [25]. As judged by detergent extraction, the ration porin/group 3 Omp is diminished in B. melitensis with respect to B. abortus, and a further reduction is observed in R mutants of the former species [50]. Association in a trimeric SDS-resistant state (a hallmark ...
... maltodextrins when cloned in E. coli [25]. As judged by detergent extraction, the ration porin/group 3 Omp is diminished in B. melitensis with respect to B. abortus, and a further reduction is observed in R mutants of the former species [50]. Association in a trimeric SDS-resistant state (a hallmark ...
Translocation of Structural P Proteins in the Phloem
... Figure 5. RT-PCR Gel Blot Analyses of Cucurbita PP1 and PP2 mRNAs from Intergeneric Grafts of Cucumis sativus Scions on Cucurbita maxima or Cucurbita ficifolia Stocks. RT-PCR products generated from total RNA with 59 and 39 primers that flank the protein coding sequences of genes encoding PP1 and PP ...
... Figure 5. RT-PCR Gel Blot Analyses of Cucurbita PP1 and PP2 mRNAs from Intergeneric Grafts of Cucumis sativus Scions on Cucurbita maxima or Cucurbita ficifolia Stocks. RT-PCR products generated from total RNA with 59 and 39 primers that flank the protein coding sequences of genes encoding PP1 and PP ...
The Drosophila Planar Polarity Proteins Inturned and
... particularly in the PPE mutant clones (Figure 1 C-H). Our results are consistent with those reported by (STRUTT and WARRINGTON 2008). We extended the analysis and quantified the decrease in two ways (see Methods for details). In the first we compared the mean fluorescence intensity for mutant clone ...
... particularly in the PPE mutant clones (Figure 1 C-H). Our results are consistent with those reported by (STRUTT and WARRINGTON 2008). We extended the analysis and quantified the decrease in two ways (see Methods for details). In the first we compared the mean fluorescence intensity for mutant clone ...
Characterising Non-Structural Protein NS4 of African Horse Sickness Virus
... and three non-structural proteins (NS1—NS3/NS3A) with other functions during viral replication [9]. The structure of the AHSV virion is very similar to that of BTV; virions are triple-layered icosahedrally symmetric particles. Major structural proteins VP2 and VP5 comprise the outermost capsid layer ...
... and three non-structural proteins (NS1—NS3/NS3A) with other functions during viral replication [9]. The structure of the AHSV virion is very similar to that of BTV; virions are triple-layered icosahedrally symmetric particles. Major structural proteins VP2 and VP5 comprise the outermost capsid layer ...
Sensitive Interaction between Raptor a
... 1998; Isotani et al., 1999). The GL siRNA did not significantly affect the expression of S6K1 or ATM, or the phosphorylation state or amount of PKB1/Akt1, a downstream effector of PI 3-Kinase. Unlike a decrease in raptor expression (Kim et al., 2002), a reduction in GL expression did not also redu ...
... 1998; Isotani et al., 1999). The GL siRNA did not significantly affect the expression of S6K1 or ATM, or the phosphorylation state or amount of PKB1/Akt1, a downstream effector of PI 3-Kinase. Unlike a decrease in raptor expression (Kim et al., 2002), a reduction in GL expression did not also redu ...
Document
... •Hypotheses can never be proved; they can only be disproved. •A hypothesis that fails one or more tests is considered disproved and it is ...
... •Hypotheses can never be proved; they can only be disproved. •A hypothesis that fails one or more tests is considered disproved and it is ...
Amino acid transporters: roles in amino acid sensing and signalling
... (System ASC and y+ L) may also be dependent on transmembrane electrical gradients. System L operates as an obligatory 1:1 amino acid exchanger which can couple the cellular uptake of essential branched-chain and aromatic amino acids with the efflux (by hetero-exchange) of cytoplasmic amino acids suc ...
... (System ASC and y+ L) may also be dependent on transmembrane electrical gradients. System L operates as an obligatory 1:1 amino acid exchanger which can couple the cellular uptake of essential branched-chain and aromatic amino acids with the efflux (by hetero-exchange) of cytoplasmic amino acids suc ...
Activation of DREAM (Downstream Regulatory
... responses (21,22). In striatal neurons, moderate levels of DREAM are present in the neuropil and cell soma (23–25). In basal conditions, DREAM binds to a regulatory element called DRE, located downstream from the transcription initiation site, repressing the transcription of target genes, including ...
... responses (21,22). In striatal neurons, moderate levels of DREAM are present in the neuropil and cell soma (23–25). In basal conditions, DREAM binds to a regulatory element called DRE, located downstream from the transcription initiation site, repressing the transcription of target genes, including ...
Endoplasmic reticulum–mitochondria contacts: function of the junction
... wild-type cells, indicating that ERMES may be important for coupling at sites of lipid exchange11. However, others have reported no significant effect of ERMES component deletions on PS to PE conversion and suggest that ERMES could be a tether for other functions that occur at ER–mitochondria contac ...
... wild-type cells, indicating that ERMES may be important for coupling at sites of lipid exchange11. However, others have reported no significant effect of ERMES component deletions on PS to PE conversion and suggest that ERMES could be a tether for other functions that occur at ER–mitochondria contac ...
Building and Breaking Bridges between Sister Chromatids
... about the mechanism by which microtubules attach and detach from kinetochores. It is nevertheless clear that sister chromatid cohesion must have a key role in generating the tension needed to stabilize ...
... about the mechanism by which microtubules attach and detach from kinetochores. It is nevertheless clear that sister chromatid cohesion must have a key role in generating the tension needed to stabilize ...
Role of the leader sequence in tobacco pectin methylesterase
... belongs to PME clade Plant 1 [4]. Unprocessed proPME protein contained the 255-aa long N-terminal leader (PS) preceding the 319-aa mature PME portion (Fig. 1A, underlined sequence). The PME from Daucus carota (P83218) might be considered as the type member of this clade, since its 3D structure was r ...
... belongs to PME clade Plant 1 [4]. Unprocessed proPME protein contained the 255-aa long N-terminal leader (PS) preceding the 319-aa mature PME portion (Fig. 1A, underlined sequence). The PME from Daucus carota (P83218) might be considered as the type member of this clade, since its 3D structure was r ...
Dominant-Negative Receptor Uncovers
... putative -subunit of the heterotrimeric G-proteins, which are known to transduce signals via seven transmembrane G-protein–coupled receptors in animals (Lease et al., 2001b). It remains to be determined how heterotrimeric G-proteins interact with the ERECTA LRR-RLK signaling pathway. We sought to d ...
... putative -subunit of the heterotrimeric G-proteins, which are known to transduce signals via seven transmembrane G-protein–coupled receptors in animals (Lease et al., 2001b). It remains to be determined how heterotrimeric G-proteins interact with the ERECTA LRR-RLK signaling pathway. We sought to d ...
Cellular function and pathological role of ATP13A2 and related P
... P-type ATPases are biological pumps omnipresent in all forms of life, which are recognized by several conserved signature motifs associated with their catalytic mechanism (Axelsen and Palmgren, 1998). The main characteristic of all P-type ATPases is the formation of an acid-stable aspartyl phosphate ...
... P-type ATPases are biological pumps omnipresent in all forms of life, which are recognized by several conserved signature motifs associated with their catalytic mechanism (Axelsen and Palmgren, 1998). The main characteristic of all P-type ATPases is the formation of an acid-stable aspartyl phosphate ...
... ization. Rapid changes in the polarity of PIN proteins in response to developmental or environmental cues have been shown to redirect auxin flow and mediate multiple developmental processes (1, 3, 5), but the mechanism underlying polarity control is largely unresolved. These rapid relocations are en ...
Molecular Affinity and Permeability of Different Molecular Weight
... The membrane was separated from the dish, rinsed in distilled water to neutral, soaked in ethyl alcohol (70% v/v), and then dried at 50 °C. The thickness and swelling degree of the membrane were measured by thickness gauges (SM-1201) before and after the membranes were soaked in distilled water for ...
... The membrane was separated from the dish, rinsed in distilled water to neutral, soaked in ethyl alcohol (70% v/v), and then dried at 50 °C. The thickness and swelling degree of the membrane were measured by thickness gauges (SM-1201) before and after the membranes were soaked in distilled water for ...
InterPro Presentation - European Bioinformatics Institute
... InterPro entries are based on signatures supplied to us by our ...
... InterPro entries are based on signatures supplied to us by our ...
Viral Membrane Channels: Role and Function in the Virus Life Cycle
... on the type of genetic materials they carried, either RNA or DNA viruses. These viral genomes encode structural proteins for virion formation as well as enzymatic and accessory proteins to aid in infection and replication. One common type of accessory protein encoded by most viruses is the viral ion ...
... on the type of genetic materials they carried, either RNA or DNA viruses. These viral genomes encode structural proteins for virion formation as well as enzymatic and accessory proteins to aid in infection and replication. One common type of accessory protein encoded by most viruses is the viral ion ...
Chapter 4 - Neurasync
... assisted by a resident lysosomal chaperone, lys Hsc70. The substrate is then finally degraded into amino acids. For this process to work optimally, lysosomal membrane levels and conformation of Lamp2a are critical. The monomeric conformation of Lamp2a is required for substrate binding, which then dr ...
... assisted by a resident lysosomal chaperone, lys Hsc70. The substrate is then finally degraded into amino acids. For this process to work optimally, lysosomal membrane levels and conformation of Lamp2a are critical. The monomeric conformation of Lamp2a is required for substrate binding, which then dr ...
Visualization of APP dimerization and APP-Notch2 fluorescence complementation
... De Strooper and Annaert (2000)]. Thus, it is possible that APP plays a role in various biological processes listed above by linking extracellular cues to intracellular signaling pathways via adaptor proteins acting as a cell surface receptor. Recent accumulating evidence suggests a cross-talk betwee ...
... De Strooper and Annaert (2000)]. Thus, it is possible that APP plays a role in various biological processes listed above by linking extracellular cues to intracellular signaling pathways via adaptor proteins acting as a cell surface receptor. Recent accumulating evidence suggests a cross-talk betwee ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.