Structural Mechanisms for Regulation of Membrane
... GDP or GTP. GEFs by necessity substantially increase the rate of GDP release, which is rate limiting for the intrinsic exchange reaction at cellular GTP levels. The rate of GTP binding can also be accelerated as illustrated by a recent kinetic analysis of nucleotide exchange catalyzed by the TRAPPI ...
... GDP or GTP. GEFs by necessity substantially increase the rate of GDP release, which is rate limiting for the intrinsic exchange reaction at cellular GTP levels. The rate of GTP binding can also be accelerated as illustrated by a recent kinetic analysis of nucleotide exchange catalyzed by the TRAPPI ...
How proteins produce cellular membrane curvature
... elasticity is characterized by the elastic moduli, such as the bending moduli of the membrane monolayer, κm, and bilayer, κB, the moduli of the Gaussian curvature of the monolayer and bilayer, κ m and κ B , respectively, the membrane stretching modulus, Г (see Supplementary information S1 (box) and ...
... elasticity is characterized by the elastic moduli, such as the bending moduli of the membrane monolayer, κm, and bilayer, κB, the moduli of the Gaussian curvature of the monolayer and bilayer, κ m and κ B , respectively, the membrane stretching modulus, Г (see Supplementary information S1 (box) and ...
Chemical characterization and in situ nutrient degradability of wet
... reported that carbohydrate content was 641.0 g kgÿ1 of DM in wheat distillers' grains. The NDF and ADF of barley-based distillers' grains averaged 792.0 and 310.8 g kgÿ1 (DM basis), respectively. The ADL constituted a small portion of NDF in barley-based distillers' grains. Weiss et al. (1989) repor ...
... reported that carbohydrate content was 641.0 g kgÿ1 of DM in wheat distillers' grains. The NDF and ADF of barley-based distillers' grains averaged 792.0 and 310.8 g kgÿ1 (DM basis), respectively. The ADL constituted a small portion of NDF in barley-based distillers' grains. Weiss et al. (1989) repor ...
Lens Major Intrinsic Protein (MIP)
... 2: Aggregation of PC-Mbs with PS vesicles detected by the turbidity assay. The absorbance time course at 350 nm was monitored when PC-Mbs vesicles (-) and PC vesicles (A)were mixed with 25 pM PS vesicles. Vesicles were incubated in the same solution described for Figure 1. After 3 min of preincubati ...
... 2: Aggregation of PC-Mbs with PS vesicles detected by the turbidity assay. The absorbance time course at 350 nm was monitored when PC-Mbs vesicles (-) and PC vesicles (A)were mixed with 25 pM PS vesicles. Vesicles were incubated in the same solution described for Figure 1. After 3 min of preincubati ...
... Their ability to reversibly bind to a specific saccharide has attracted the attention of scientists. Each lectin has a characteristic sugar-binding specificity profile indicating that they are able to recognize different glycotopes (Kamiya et al., 2012). Based on the specificity of the sugar bound, ...
Bound by Fate: The Role of Reactive Oxygen
... entire organism. The perception of specific molecules at the cell perimeter is of crucial importance for these signaling processes. In plants, communication between cells and the extracellular environment is largely controlled by receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins. The RLKs are a ...
... entire organism. The perception of specific molecules at the cell perimeter is of crucial importance for these signaling processes. In plants, communication between cells and the extracellular environment is largely controlled by receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins. The RLKs are a ...
Eucalyptus Arabidopsis grandis thaliana
... Sucrose is the major transported photoassimilate in plants and is degraded concurrently by two enzymes: invertases and sucrose synthase. Sucrose synthase catalyzes the reversible conversion of UDP and sucrose to form fructose and UDP-glucose, the latter being the activated substrate for many metabol ...
... Sucrose is the major transported photoassimilate in plants and is degraded concurrently by two enzymes: invertases and sucrose synthase. Sucrose synthase catalyzes the reversible conversion of UDP and sucrose to form fructose and UDP-glucose, the latter being the activated substrate for many metabol ...
Review
... with anionic membrane leaflets, such as the cytoplasmic surface of eukaryotic plasma membranes and the outer leaflet of outer mitochondrial membranes (Figure 1D). Neutralization of charge by Ca 2+ binding in the variable loops of some proteins may allow penetration of hydrophobic and aromatic amino ...
... with anionic membrane leaflets, such as the cytoplasmic surface of eukaryotic plasma membranes and the outer leaflet of outer mitochondrial membranes (Figure 1D). Neutralization of charge by Ca 2+ binding in the variable loops of some proteins may allow penetration of hydrophobic and aromatic amino ...
Calcium Signaling. Cell 131: 1047
... with anionic membrane leaflets, such as the cytoplasmic surface of eukaryotic plasma membranes and the outer leaflet of outer mitochondrial membranes (Figure 1D). Neutralization of charge by Ca 2+ binding in the variable loops of some proteins may allow penetration of hydrophobic and aromatic amino ...
... with anionic membrane leaflets, such as the cytoplasmic surface of eukaryotic plasma membranes and the outer leaflet of outer mitochondrial membranes (Figure 1D). Neutralization of charge by Ca 2+ binding in the variable loops of some proteins may allow penetration of hydrophobic and aromatic amino ...
PDF
... antibody, demonstrating its specificity for SmB (Fig. 2C). Immunostained egg chambers showed an accumulation of endogenous SmB at the posterior pole of the oocyte, where it colocalised with the polar granule organiser Oskar (Osk) (Fig. 2D). The ANA125 antibody also detected the endogenous SmB protei ...
... antibody, demonstrating its specificity for SmB (Fig. 2C). Immunostained egg chambers showed an accumulation of endogenous SmB at the posterior pole of the oocyte, where it colocalised with the polar granule organiser Oskar (Osk) (Fig. 2D). The ANA125 antibody also detected the endogenous SmB protei ...
Fern Gametophytes Grown under Different Light Spectra 1
... B-, and W-gametophytes, equal amounts of protein extracts were separated on SDS-PAGE gels. Thereafter the gels were blotted onto nitrocellulose filters and probed with polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbit against either SDS-treated spinach LSU or SSU. Figures 3 and 4 show typical immunoblots using ...
... B-, and W-gametophytes, equal amounts of protein extracts were separated on SDS-PAGE gels. Thereafter the gels were blotted onto nitrocellulose filters and probed with polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbit against either SDS-treated spinach LSU or SSU. Figures 3 and 4 show typical immunoblots using ...
Metabolite transport across the peroxisomal membrane
... was found to be completely normal in these knockouts, it was concluded that the defect occurs upstream of the β-oxidation process, presumably at the level of fatty acid import. These results suggest the existence of at least two distinct pathways for the import of fatty acids: (i) a Pxa1p/Pxa2p-inde ...
... was found to be completely normal in these knockouts, it was concluded that the defect occurs upstream of the β-oxidation process, presumably at the level of fatty acid import. These results suggest the existence of at least two distinct pathways for the import of fatty acids: (i) a Pxa1p/Pxa2p-inde ...
Role of hsp90 and the hsp90-binding immunophilins in signalling
... The ubiquitous protein chaperone hsp90 has been shown to regulate more than 100 proteins involved in cellular signalling. These proteins are called ‘client proteins’ for hsp90, and a multiprotein hsp90/hsp70-based chaperone machinery forms client protein hsp90 heterocomplexes in the cytoplasm and th ...
... The ubiquitous protein chaperone hsp90 has been shown to regulate more than 100 proteins involved in cellular signalling. These proteins are called ‘client proteins’ for hsp90, and a multiprotein hsp90/hsp70-based chaperone machinery forms client protein hsp90 heterocomplexes in the cytoplasm and th ...
Does the baculovirus sulfhydryl oxidase Ac92 associate with and
... Ac92 could have an inhibitory function. Prevent apoptosis Prevent cell cycle arrest ...
... Ac92 could have an inhibitory function. Prevent apoptosis Prevent cell cycle arrest ...
A novel exon within the mdm2 gene modulates translation
... using total RNA isolated from human blood lymphocytes lead to the identi®cation of a h-mdm2a splice variant (Figure 1). The a exon sequence is highly conserved between canine and human mdm2 genes, with only a single base pair dierence between the two species (see Figure 2a). Such a high level of ev ...
... using total RNA isolated from human blood lymphocytes lead to the identi®cation of a h-mdm2a splice variant (Figure 1). The a exon sequence is highly conserved between canine and human mdm2 genes, with only a single base pair dierence between the two species (see Figure 2a). Such a high level of ev ...
The muscle fiber type–fiber size paradox: hypertrophy or oxidative
... correlate with the oxidative capacity of the muscle fiber. In general, type IIB/IIX fibers have a relatively low oxidative capacity and a large fiber size compared to type I fibers. However, when comparing the oxidative capacity and fiber size between type IIA and type I fibers, literature shows les ...
... correlate with the oxidative capacity of the muscle fiber. In general, type IIB/IIX fibers have a relatively low oxidative capacity and a large fiber size compared to type I fibers. However, when comparing the oxidative capacity and fiber size between type IIA and type I fibers, literature shows les ...
Determination of Binding Sites of Cadherin Peptides on the EC1
... the binding activity of the N-terminus of E-cadherin. At low protein concentration, intramolecular binding of tryptophan-2 (W2) side-chain into the W2 pocket on the same molecule was detected via chemical shift changes. However, at high protein concentration, the X-ray structure indicates that two m ...
... the binding activity of the N-terminus of E-cadherin. At low protein concentration, intramolecular binding of tryptophan-2 (W2) side-chain into the W2 pocket on the same molecule was detected via chemical shift changes. However, at high protein concentration, the X-ray structure indicates that two m ...
Eubacteria, and Eukaryotes Relationships
... mutations and the dotted lines denote symbiotic events that led to the acquisition of mitochondria and plastids. These latter events, which are common in both models, are not shown in panel a. In panel b, the double-headed arrow between archaebacteria and gram-positive bacteria indicates the polyphy ...
... mutations and the dotted lines denote symbiotic events that led to the acquisition of mitochondria and plastids. These latter events, which are common in both models, are not shown in panel a. In panel b, the double-headed arrow between archaebacteria and gram-positive bacteria indicates the polyphy ...
Modulation of Calcium Channel Function in Nerve Cell Membrane
... (GTP-/-S, GMP-PNP) which induce long-lasting activation of the corresponding proteins (Dolphin and Scott 1987, 1989). At the same time, the depression is not connected to any changes in the intracellular cAMP levels, althougt it could be blocked by toxins which affect the adenylate cyclase complex ( ...
... (GTP-/-S, GMP-PNP) which induce long-lasting activation of the corresponding proteins (Dolphin and Scott 1987, 1989). At the same time, the depression is not connected to any changes in the intracellular cAMP levels, althougt it could be blocked by toxins which affect the adenylate cyclase complex ( ...
Misregulation of autophagy and protein degradation systems in
... GATE16, ATG12) are transferred from the conjugation system to membranes, which marks them for growth and commitment to become a double-membrane vesicle, called an autophagosome (Levine and Kroemer, 2008; Mizushima et al., 2008). This reaction requires the recruitment and assembly of different compon ...
... GATE16, ATG12) are transferred from the conjugation system to membranes, which marks them for growth and commitment to become a double-membrane vesicle, called an autophagosome (Levine and Kroemer, 2008; Mizushima et al., 2008). This reaction requires the recruitment and assembly of different compon ...
Cloning vectors for the expression of green fluorescent protein
... might inhibit excitation of GFP–S65T by ‘shading’ GFP–S65T. We tested these possibilities by coexpressing BFP and GFP–S65T in onion epidermal cells at a molar ratio of 2.5:1. This ratio was chosen as a trade-off between the ratio that would maximize interaction between GFP–S65T and BFP (1:1) and the ...
... might inhibit excitation of GFP–S65T by ‘shading’ GFP–S65T. We tested these possibilities by coexpressing BFP and GFP–S65T in onion epidermal cells at a molar ratio of 2.5:1. This ratio was chosen as a trade-off between the ratio that would maximize interaction between GFP–S65T and BFP (1:1) and the ...
Bound by Fate: Reactive Oxygen Species in
... perception of specific molecules at the cell perimeter is of crucial importance for these signaling processes. In plants, communication between cells and the extracellular environment is largely controlled by receptorlike protein kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). The RLKs are a large ...
... perception of specific molecules at the cell perimeter is of crucial importance for these signaling processes. In plants, communication between cells and the extracellular environment is largely controlled by receptorlike protein kinases (RLKs) and receptor-like proteins (RLPs). The RLKs are a large ...
Termination of translation: interplay of mRNA, rRNAs and release
... rRNA can interact directly with stop codons in mRNA (see Arkov and Murgola, 1999). This version of the ®rst hypothesis is supported by data from several experiments. First, mutations in the small and large rRNAs strongly affect translational termination (see Green and Noller, 1997; Velichutina et al ...
... rRNA can interact directly with stop codons in mRNA (see Arkov and Murgola, 1999). This version of the ®rst hypothesis is supported by data from several experiments. First, mutations in the small and large rRNAs strongly affect translational termination (see Green and Noller, 1997; Velichutina et al ...
Discovery and Characterization of a Novel Microtubule
... model for wood development. The majority of the genes upregulated during cellulose biosynthesis encode proteins with known or predictable functions, such as carbohydrate active enzymes (CAzymes). However, some of them encode proteins with unknown functions. Characterization of these genes will poten ...
... model for wood development. The majority of the genes upregulated during cellulose biosynthesis encode proteins with known or predictable functions, such as carbohydrate active enzymes (CAzymes). However, some of them encode proteins with unknown functions. Characterization of these genes will poten ...
Supplementary Online Materials
... and/or its repartitioning out of membranes. According to current membrane-topological folding theory[1,3-5], it is plausible that the acidichydrophobic amphipathic DIDLID/DLG element, Neh5L and AD2 regions would exist in a non-structural loop when they are unfolded in solution. However, differential ...
... and/or its repartitioning out of membranes. According to current membrane-topological folding theory[1,3-5], it is plausible that the acidichydrophobic amphipathic DIDLID/DLG element, Neh5L and AD2 regions would exist in a non-structural loop when they are unfolded in solution. However, differential ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.