TNF-induced endothelial barrier disruption: beyond actin and Rho
... Endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) are multiprotein junctional complexes formed by the vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin. VE-cadherin complexes establish cell-cell homotypic interactions that are fundamental for maintaining endothelial barrier integrity (35). The VE-cadherin cytoplasmic tail nucl ...
... Endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) are multiprotein junctional complexes formed by the vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin. VE-cadherin complexes establish cell-cell homotypic interactions that are fundamental for maintaining endothelial barrier integrity (35). The VE-cadherin cytoplasmic tail nucl ...
Rapid Reversion from Monomer to Dimer
... degradation by the proteasome, on the amount of UVR8 following UV-B exposure. Since several previous studies employed quite long preincubations with MG132 to see inhibition of the proteasome (Jang et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2005; Dong et al., 2006), plants were transferred to liquid medium containin ...
... degradation by the proteasome, on the amount of UVR8 following UV-B exposure. Since several previous studies employed quite long preincubations with MG132 to see inhibition of the proteasome (Jang et al., 2005; Yang et al., 2005; Dong et al., 2006), plants were transferred to liquid medium containin ...
Modulation of calcium by sympathetic activation
... that of the target protein. The total cellular concentration of cAMP might be irrelevant to key regulatory pathways, except as an overflow from local cAMP-mediated signal transduction. However, if this is true, it is less clear how targeting would practically work for phospholamban and troponin I ph ...
... that of the target protein. The total cellular concentration of cAMP might be irrelevant to key regulatory pathways, except as an overflow from local cAMP-mediated signal transduction. However, if this is true, it is less clear how targeting would practically work for phospholamban and troponin I ph ...
Cloning, Expression and Interaction Studies of the Potential
... prevents the enzyme from carboxylating RuBP. CbbX is composed of six subdomains with a central pore and is thought to function by pulling the C-terminal peptide of RubisCO’s large subunit into its pore and thereby facilitating the release of RuBP. Discharge of the inhibitory RuBP allows a non-substr ...
... prevents the enzyme from carboxylating RuBP. CbbX is composed of six subdomains with a central pore and is thought to function by pulling the C-terminal peptide of RubisCO’s large subunit into its pore and thereby facilitating the release of RuBP. Discharge of the inhibitory RuBP allows a non-substr ...
Multiple Roles of the Cytoskeleton in Bacterial Autophagy
... chain 3 (LC3) or c-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) subfamilies, and by interacting with an extensive repertoire of proteins, they have important roles in mediating membrane-remodelling processes. Autophagy can be a general, nonselective recycling pathway activated by nutrient ...
... chain 3 (LC3) or c-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein (GABARAP) subfamilies, and by interacting with an extensive repertoire of proteins, they have important roles in mediating membrane-remodelling processes. Autophagy can be a general, nonselective recycling pathway activated by nutrient ...
Acquisition, Conservation, and Loss of Dual
... The dual-targeting ability of a variety of proteins from Physcomitrella patens, rice (Oryza sativa), and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was tested to determine when dual targeting arose and to what extent it was conserved in land plants. Overall, the targeting ability of over 80 different protei ...
... The dual-targeting ability of a variety of proteins from Physcomitrella patens, rice (Oryza sativa), and Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) was tested to determine when dual targeting arose and to what extent it was conserved in land plants. Overall, the targeting ability of over 80 different protei ...
Exploring the Complement Interaction Network
... Obtaining biophysical profiles for individual interaction in the complement network has been the major aim for a large fraction of the published studies. While target immobilization is considered a major deviation from natural conditions for many biosensor experiments, the contrary is true in the ca ...
... Obtaining biophysical profiles for individual interaction in the complement network has been the major aim for a large fraction of the published studies. While target immobilization is considered a major deviation from natural conditions for many biosensor experiments, the contrary is true in the ca ...
Vaccinia Protein F12 Has Structural Similarity to Kinesin
... This paper concerns the transport of IEV to the cell surface and the roles of F12 and A36 proteins in that process. F12 and A36 are each important for virus transport within or between cells and have been called transport proteins [2]. However, these proteins have different roles. A36 is a membrane ...
... This paper concerns the transport of IEV to the cell surface and the roles of F12 and A36 proteins in that process. F12 and A36 are each important for virus transport within or between cells and have been called transport proteins [2]. However, these proteins have different roles. A36 is a membrane ...
Protein targeting, translocation and Escherichia coli Proteomic analysis of substrate-pathway relationships
... minimizes the energetic cost for lipids to exist in a polar, aqueous environment. The hydrophobic core region makes the bilayer impermeable by blocking passage of polar molecules. Membrane lipids have different properties depending on the chemical composition of their head and tail regions. The hea ...
... minimizes the energetic cost for lipids to exist in a polar, aqueous environment. The hydrophobic core region makes the bilayer impermeable by blocking passage of polar molecules. Membrane lipids have different properties depending on the chemical composition of their head and tail regions. The hea ...
A nucleus-encoded chloroplast protein regulated by iron availability
... A comparison of the cDNA sequences of the wild-type TAA1 and of the taa1 mutant, obtained by RT-PCR, revealed a single base substitution, which changes Gln1327 to a stop codon (Fig. 2A, marked with a star) located between the two OPR domains. The mapping of this mutation confirms that the TAA1 gene w ...
... A comparison of the cDNA sequences of the wild-type TAA1 and of the taa1 mutant, obtained by RT-PCR, revealed a single base substitution, which changes Gln1327 to a stop codon (Fig. 2A, marked with a star) located between the two OPR domains. The mapping of this mutation confirms that the TAA1 gene w ...
Probing for Binding Regions of the FtsZ Protein Surface through Site
... cell division. We concluded that these faces are not sites of essential interactions. Inserts at two sites, G124 and R174, located on the left and right surfaces, completely blocked function, and these sites were identified as possible sites for essential lateral interactions. However, the insert at ...
... cell division. We concluded that these faces are not sites of essential interactions. Inserts at two sites, G124 and R174, located on the left and right surfaces, completely blocked function, and these sites were identified as possible sites for essential lateral interactions. However, the insert at ...
Molecular assembly of the period-cryptochrome circadian
... of CRY2 project in opposite directions and latch onto the surrounding PER2 regions by forming salt bridges with Asp1167 and Asp1206, respectively (Figure 2A). To confirm the critical role of the CRY2 C-terminal helix in binding PERs, we mutated two hydrophobic residues, Ile505 and Tyr506, at the end ...
... of CRY2 project in opposite directions and latch onto the surrounding PER2 regions by forming salt bridges with Asp1167 and Asp1206, respectively (Figure 2A). To confirm the critical role of the CRY2 C-terminal helix in binding PERs, we mutated two hydrophobic residues, Ile505 and Tyr506, at the end ...
PAR Proteins Regulate Microtubule Dynamics at
... Results: We have developed a method that makes it possible to examine the residence time of individual astral microtubules at the cell cortex of developing embryos. Using this method, we found that microtubules are more dynamic at the posterior cortex of the C. elegans embryo compared to the anterio ...
... Results: We have developed a method that makes it possible to examine the residence time of individual astral microtubules at the cell cortex of developing embryos. Using this method, we found that microtubules are more dynamic at the posterior cortex of the C. elegans embryo compared to the anterio ...
Glycogen metabolism: synthesis, degradation, regulation
... Everywhere after glucose meal or during rest in muscle ...
... Everywhere after glucose meal or during rest in muscle ...
CENP-E Is a Plus End–Directed Kinetochore Motor Required for
... 1996) and the kinesin-like motor Ncd in Drosophila (Matthies et al., 1996). These motor complexes tether parallel microtubule bundles and stabilize converging microtubules into spindle poles on either side of the centrally located chromatin. Compared to typical mitotic spindles, initial congression ...
... 1996) and the kinesin-like motor Ncd in Drosophila (Matthies et al., 1996). These motor complexes tether parallel microtubule bundles and stabilize converging microtubules into spindle poles on either side of the centrally located chromatin. Compared to typical mitotic spindles, initial congression ...
PKC modulates NF-B and AP-1 via mitogen
... Downloaded from http://ajpheart.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.246 on August 3, 2017 ...
... Downloaded from http://ajpheart.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.246 on August 3, 2017 ...
The Lyn kinase C-lobe mediates Golgi export of Lyn through
... intramolecular binding of the SH2 domain to the tyrosinephosphorylated tail catalyzed by CSK-family kinases and the SH3 domain to the SH2-kinase linker (Brown and Cooper, 1996; Sicheri et al., 1997; Xu et al., 1997). Src-family tyrosine kinases can interact with a large number of upstream regulators ...
... intramolecular binding of the SH2 domain to the tyrosinephosphorylated tail catalyzed by CSK-family kinases and the SH3 domain to the SH2-kinase linker (Brown and Cooper, 1996; Sicheri et al., 1997; Xu et al., 1997). Src-family tyrosine kinases can interact with a large number of upstream regulators ...
T Molecular Basis of Muscle Structure C 12
... relatively unaffected, but the mutations lead to fiber hypercontraction and rapid breakdown of the sarcomere subsequent to eclosion. In addition, both mutations interfere with the normal accumulation of the IFM-specific protein flightin.16 As discussed below, the myosin rod-flightin interaction is e ...
... relatively unaffected, but the mutations lead to fiber hypercontraction and rapid breakdown of the sarcomere subsequent to eclosion. In addition, both mutations interfere with the normal accumulation of the IFM-specific protein flightin.16 As discussed below, the myosin rod-flightin interaction is e ...
RXR Ligands Negatively Regulate Thrombosis and Hemostasis
... Figure 3. The effect of 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA) on integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling. Human washed platelets pretreated for 10 min with increasing concentrations of 9-cis-RA (10, 20 µmol/L) or vehicle control were exposed to fibrinogen (100 µg/mL) coated coverslips. A (i) representative im ...
... Figure 3. The effect of 9-cis-retinoic acid (9-cis-RA) on integrin αIIbβ3 outside-in signaling. Human washed platelets pretreated for 10 min with increasing concentrations of 9-cis-RA (10, 20 µmol/L) or vehicle control were exposed to fibrinogen (100 µg/mL) coated coverslips. A (i) representative im ...
Functional Characterisation of Plant
... contain a conserved PRAT domain and sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain. The latter of which is known to be involved in protein-protein interaction and RNA binding. Utilising T-DNA insertional knockout lines, the function of At5g24650 was investigated and found to have a potential role in the import of ...
... contain a conserved PRAT domain and sterile alpha motif (SAM) domain. The latter of which is known to be involved in protein-protein interaction and RNA binding. Utilising T-DNA insertional knockout lines, the function of At5g24650 was investigated and found to have a potential role in the import of ...
Formation of Helical Hairpins during Membrane Protein Integration
... formation of a helical hairpin.5 As an easily scored marker for the lumenal or cytoplasmic localization of the P2 domain, an N-glycosylation site (Asn-SerThr) was introduced 20 amino acid residues downstream of H2; in constructs where the poly-Leu stretch spans the membrane only once, this site will ...
... formation of a helical hairpin.5 As an easily scored marker for the lumenal or cytoplasmic localization of the P2 domain, an N-glycosylation site (Asn-SerThr) was introduced 20 amino acid residues downstream of H2; in constructs where the poly-Leu stretch spans the membrane only once, this site will ...
Inflammation and proliferation – a causal event of host response to
... serine and threonine signalling kinases that transduce a variety of extracellular stimuli through a cascade of protein phosphorylations leading to the activation of transcription factors. The MAPK signal transduction pathway plays a crucial role in many aspects of immune-mediated inflammatory respon ...
... serine and threonine signalling kinases that transduce a variety of extracellular stimuli through a cascade of protein phosphorylations leading to the activation of transcription factors. The MAPK signal transduction pathway plays a crucial role in many aspects of immune-mediated inflammatory respon ...
Plant Wnt: deciphering a novel signalling pathway
... pathways may act antagonistic to each other depending upon the ligand–receptor interaction, suggesting a crosstalk between two types of Wnt signalling where inhibition of one can trigger the upregulation of the other and vice versa8,40,44. Notably, Wnt3a and Wnt5a are known to promote -catenin dep ...
... pathways may act antagonistic to each other depending upon the ligand–receptor interaction, suggesting a crosstalk between two types of Wnt signalling where inhibition of one can trigger the upregulation of the other and vice versa8,40,44. Notably, Wnt3a and Wnt5a are known to promote -catenin dep ...
CDK5 is a major regulator of the tumor suppressor DLC1
... Figure 2. Mapping the DLC1 region required for CDK5 binding; four serines in DLC1 are CDK5 substrates. (A) Schematic representation of full-length WT DLC1 with the location of four serines phosphorylated by CDK5 (DLC1-WT), various DLC1 fragments, and DLC1-4A mutant with the four CDK5 serines mutate ...
... Figure 2. Mapping the DLC1 region required for CDK5 binding; four serines in DLC1 are CDK5 substrates. (A) Schematic representation of full-length WT DLC1 with the location of four serines phosphorylated by CDK5 (DLC1-WT), various DLC1 fragments, and DLC1-4A mutant with the four CDK5 serines mutate ...
the signaling role of the accessory receptors cd2 and cd6 in t cell
... influenced by accessory receptors-ligand engagements that deliver costimulatory signals while strengthening the interaction between the cells. CD6, a type I cell surface glycoprotein, whose expression is largely restricted to peripheral T lymphocytes and medullary thymocytes, has been known to play ...
... influenced by accessory receptors-ligand engagements that deliver costimulatory signals while strengthening the interaction between the cells. CD6, a type I cell surface glycoprotein, whose expression is largely restricted to peripheral T lymphocytes and medullary thymocytes, has been known to play ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.