dravhandling-hafte - DUO
... fusion with a target membrane and via passage along tubules that might connect to acceptor compartments (Vitale and Denecke 1999). ER exit sites (ERES), also known as transitional ER (tER), are specialized domains of ER membranes responsible for the directed export of secretory cargo (Palade 1975). ...
... fusion with a target membrane and via passage along tubules that might connect to acceptor compartments (Vitale and Denecke 1999). ER exit sites (ERES), also known as transitional ER (tER), are specialized domains of ER membranes responsible for the directed export of secretory cargo (Palade 1975). ...
THE DYNAMIN SUPERFAMILY: UNIVERSAL MEMBRANE
... the functions of the multiple isoforms in mammals. Mammalian dynamins 1 and 2 have been shown to have a role in scission of CCVs. In this process, the membrane invaginates to engulf cargo into CLATHRIN-COATED PITS (CCPs), which are eventually detached from the parent membrane with the aid of dynamin ...
... the functions of the multiple isoforms in mammals. Mammalian dynamins 1 and 2 have been shown to have a role in scission of CCVs. In this process, the membrane invaginates to engulf cargo into CLATHRIN-COATED PITS (CCPs), which are eventually detached from the parent membrane with the aid of dynamin ...
Solid-phase classical complement activation by C
... proteins, and forms a core of the innate immune system. The classical pathway can be activated by target-bound antibodies, lipopolysaccharide, C-reactive protein (CRP) or DNA– histone complexes [1]. The alternative pathway can be triggered by the classical pathway or by direct contact with a variety ...
... proteins, and forms a core of the innate immune system. The classical pathway can be activated by target-bound antibodies, lipopolysaccharide, C-reactive protein (CRP) or DNA– histone complexes [1]. The alternative pathway can be triggered by the classical pathway or by direct contact with a variety ...
Efficiency and Diversity of Protein Localization by Random Signal Sequences.
... mutations are typically studied by kinetic experiments and define residues in the signal peptide that are required for optimal function (29). The second approach was used to determine what kind of peptide sequences can functionally replace a known signal peptide. When the signal peptide of Saccharom ...
... mutations are typically studied by kinetic experiments and define residues in the signal peptide that are required for optimal function (29). The second approach was used to determine what kind of peptide sequences can functionally replace a known signal peptide. When the signal peptide of Saccharom ...
Requirements for CPC localization during anaphase
... anaphase, the CPC is released from the centromeres and localizes to the central spindle. It is retained there to regulate cytokinesis. Adapted from 14. ...
... anaphase, the CPC is released from the centromeres and localizes to the central spindle. It is retained there to regulate cytokinesis. Adapted from 14. ...
Nonsense-mediated mRNA decay - Case Western Reserve University
... several mammalian genes [42]. Moreover, in yeast and Drosophila, for example, the recognition of a PTC is independent of an intron and RNA splicing [28!!,43, 44]. In yeast, evidence suggests that specific sequences within the coding region, referred to as downstream sequence elements (DSEs), are req ...
... several mammalian genes [42]. Moreover, in yeast and Drosophila, for example, the recognition of a PTC is independent of an intron and RNA splicing [28!!,43, 44]. In yeast, evidence suggests that specific sequences within the coding region, referred to as downstream sequence elements (DSEs), are req ...
Helical capsids of plant viruses
... in detail only for potexviruses, drastically differ from those found in tobamoviruses. Unlike tobamovirus capsids, which are largely stabilized by multiple electrostatic interactions involving residues in the CP core domain, the formation of potexvirus capsids depends mostly on hydrophobic interacti ...
... in detail only for potexviruses, drastically differ from those found in tobamoviruses. Unlike tobamovirus capsids, which are largely stabilized by multiple electrostatic interactions involving residues in the CP core domain, the formation of potexvirus capsids depends mostly on hydrophobic interacti ...
Reprogramming the Genetic Code: From Triplet to Quadruplet Codes
... whether life with additional genetically encoded polymers can evolve to perform functions that natural biological systems cannot. ...
... whether life with additional genetically encoded polymers can evolve to perform functions that natural biological systems cannot. ...
Detergent-Insoluble Membrane Compartment CD20 Required for Its
... loops. Complete digestion of extracellular regions would be expected to result in either 8- or 15-kDa N-terminal fragments depending on whether the polypeptide is exposed at the cell surface on the carboxyl side of TM1. For these studies we used both trypsin, which cuts specifically on the carboxyli ...
... loops. Complete digestion of extracellular regions would be expected to result in either 8- or 15-kDa N-terminal fragments depending on whether the polypeptide is exposed at the cell surface on the carboxyl side of TM1. For these studies we used both trypsin, which cuts specifically on the carboxyli ...
Phenoloxidase Specific Activity in the Red Swamp Crayfish
... (LPS), glycolipids found in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, were also able to activate the proPO system in P. clarkii after a significant lag time of 25 to 30 min. However, LPS derivatives (deacylated LPS, lipid A and â-D-GlcNAc-[1]6]-D-GlcNAc) were not able to act ...
... (LPS), glycolipids found in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, were also able to activate the proPO system in P. clarkii after a significant lag time of 25 to 30 min. However, LPS derivatives (deacylated LPS, lipid A and â-D-GlcNAc-[1]6]-D-GlcNAc) were not able to act ...
The LIR motif – crucial for selective autophagy
... Fig. 3. LIR motif consensus and structural determinants of LIR–ATG8 interactions. (A) Surface representation of LC3B bound to the p62-LIR peptide (top left), yeast Atg8 bound to the Atg19-LIR peptide (top right), GABARAP-L1 bound to the NBR1-LIR peptide (bottom left) and LC3C bound to the NDP52-LIR ...
... Fig. 3. LIR motif consensus and structural determinants of LIR–ATG8 interactions. (A) Surface representation of LC3B bound to the p62-LIR peptide (top left), yeast Atg8 bound to the Atg19-LIR peptide (top right), GABARAP-L1 bound to the NBR1-LIR peptide (bottom left) and LC3C bound to the NDP52-LIR ...
Network Regulation of the Escherichia coli Maltose System
... glucose-1-phosphate (Decker et al., 1993). Thus, gluconeogenesis had to play a role in the endogenous induction of the maltose system. 2. It had been noticed early on that some mutants defective in maltose transport showed elevated expression of malQ and malP genes (Hofnung et al., 1974). Later on, ...
... glucose-1-phosphate (Decker et al., 1993). Thus, gluconeogenesis had to play a role in the endogenous induction of the maltose system. 2. It had been noticed early on that some mutants defective in maltose transport showed elevated expression of malQ and malP genes (Hofnung et al., 1974). Later on, ...
Systematic Characterisation of Cellular Localisation and
... Copyright: ß 2009 Juncker et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work is supported ...
... Copyright: ß 2009 Juncker et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: This work is supported ...
Early and late endosomal compartments of Entamoeba histolytica
... importance of the E. histolytica endo-lysosomal and secretory systems in nutrition and invasion of the organism, relatively little is known about the molecular factors governing these systems including the associated proteins which may regulate endocytic or secretory function. In other eukaryotes, t ...
... importance of the E. histolytica endo-lysosomal and secretory systems in nutrition and invasion of the organism, relatively little is known about the molecular factors governing these systems including the associated proteins which may regulate endocytic or secretory function. In other eukaryotes, t ...
Copyright Information of the Article Published Online
... in the cytosol, although mitochondrial proteins are subsequently imported into the mitochondria. The import of these proteins requires that they find their way to the mitochondria. The journey of these precursors throughout the cytosol is supported by mitochondrial targeting elements involved in the ...
... in the cytosol, although mitochondrial proteins are subsequently imported into the mitochondria. The import of these proteins requires that they find their way to the mitochondria. The journey of these precursors throughout the cytosol is supported by mitochondrial targeting elements involved in the ...
mRNA surveillance: the perfect persist
... In addition to having a damage-control function, NMD is a critical process in normal cellular development. For example, the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes in mammalian lymphocytes undergo dramatic rearrangement during maturation of the immune system. This somatic recombination results in a ...
... In addition to having a damage-control function, NMD is a critical process in normal cellular development. For example, the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes in mammalian lymphocytes undergo dramatic rearrangement during maturation of the immune system. This somatic recombination results in a ...
Functional and structural studies of a C
... whereas the large subunit has two RNA chains (23S and 5S rRNA) of about 2904 nt and 120 nt, respectively, packed with 31 different ribosomal proteins. In bacteria, ribosomes synthesize proteins on a continuous basis at an incredible speed of > 15 peptide bonds formed per second. Despite their size d ...
... whereas the large subunit has two RNA chains (23S and 5S rRNA) of about 2904 nt and 120 nt, respectively, packed with 31 different ribosomal proteins. In bacteria, ribosomes synthesize proteins on a continuous basis at an incredible speed of > 15 peptide bonds formed per second. Despite their size d ...
Sugar Signaling and Proteolysis in Higher Plants
... trehalose metabolism (trehalose-P synthase, trehalose-P phosphatase, trehalase) in the sugar regulation of growth and development has also been studied (Eastmond and Graham 2003; Koch 2004). Thus, the expression of yeast invertase in either apoplasm, cytosol or vacuole of transgenic tobacco plants l ...
... trehalose metabolism (trehalose-P synthase, trehalose-P phosphatase, trehalase) in the sugar regulation of growth and development has also been studied (Eastmond and Graham 2003; Koch 2004). Thus, the expression of yeast invertase in either apoplasm, cytosol or vacuole of transgenic tobacco plants l ...
DEFINING THE ROLE OF THE SHP2 PROTEIN TYROSINE
... the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) by multivalent antigens requires reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of myriad signaling proteins. Activated mast cells rapidly release granule contents (eg. histamine and serine proteases) that cause vascular permeability, and in a more delayed manner they als ...
... the high affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) by multivalent antigens requires reversible tyrosine phosphorylation of myriad signaling proteins. Activated mast cells rapidly release granule contents (eg. histamine and serine proteases) that cause vascular permeability, and in a more delayed manner they als ...
Structure and mechanism of ATP-dependent phospholipid transporters
... consisting of two half transporters. In either case, this type of transporter contains two transmembrane domains (TMD1 and 2), each harboring 6 transmembrane helices named 1 to 6 in TMD1 and 1′ to 6′ in TMD2. Furthermore, two nucleotide binding domains (NBD1 and NBD2) are present on the cytosolic si ...
... consisting of two half transporters. In either case, this type of transporter contains two transmembrane domains (TMD1 and 2), each harboring 6 transmembrane helices named 1 to 6 in TMD1 and 1′ to 6′ in TMD2. Furthermore, two nucleotide binding domains (NBD1 and NBD2) are present on the cytosolic si ...
Cell regulation by the Apc protein Apc as master regulator of epithelia
... signalling [4,5]. This function is one of the driving forces for how mutations in Apc ensure that cells remain proliferative. Many of the molecular details of this pathway have been described extensively in many reviews [6]. Apc negatively regulates Wnt signalling by participating in the destruc ...
... signalling [4,5]. This function is one of the driving forces for how mutations in Apc ensure that cells remain proliferative. Many of the molecular details of this pathway have been described extensively in many reviews [6]. Apc negatively regulates Wnt signalling by participating in the destruc ...
Life and death of transcriptional co
... cytoplasmic protein aggregates or to deliver them for disposal p300 modification and metabolic stability in epigenetic regulathrough the alternative autophagosome pathway. Many nuclear tion, and shed molecular insights into the roles of cellular trafproteins including p300 are substrate of aggresome ...
... cytoplasmic protein aggregates or to deliver them for disposal p300 modification and metabolic stability in epigenetic regulathrough the alternative autophagosome pathway. Many nuclear tion, and shed molecular insights into the roles of cellular trafproteins including p300 are substrate of aggresome ...
Human Cardiac Troponin Complex. Structure and Functions
... A few variants of the inhibitory domain structure are presented in the literature. In the work of Brown et al. [74] on artificial troponin complex composed of different animal troponins, by means of site-directed spin labeling (SDSL-EPR) it was shown that the region limited by residues 138-145 does ...
... A few variants of the inhibitory domain structure are presented in the literature. In the work of Brown et al. [74] on artificial troponin complex composed of different animal troponins, by means of site-directed spin labeling (SDSL-EPR) it was shown that the region limited by residues 138-145 does ...
Requirement of Heavy Neurofilament Subunit in the Development of
... in vivo, rodent NFs appear to be obligate heteropolymers since none of the rat or mouse NF subunits can form filaments when transfected individually into cells lacking an endogenous IF network (Ching and Liem, 1993; Lee et al., 1993). Similar conclusions have also been reached by expressing rat NFs ...
... in vivo, rodent NFs appear to be obligate heteropolymers since none of the rat or mouse NF subunits can form filaments when transfected individually into cells lacking an endogenous IF network (Ching and Liem, 1993; Lee et al., 1993). Similar conclusions have also been reached by expressing rat NFs ...
Removal of SDS from biological protein digests for proteomic
... the suitable selection of their building blocks (metal and organic linker). Apart from these features, the lower acidity of the active centers in MOFs makes these materials even very attractive compared Zeolites (highly acidic centers). Also, MOFs may be changing the interactions of adsorbing reacta ...
... the suitable selection of their building blocks (metal and organic linker). Apart from these features, the lower acidity of the active centers in MOFs makes these materials even very attractive compared Zeolites (highly acidic centers). Also, MOFs may be changing the interactions of adsorbing reacta ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.