Mechanisms Shaping the Membranes of Cellular Organelles
... Three major mechanisms by which proteins generate curvature. (a) Membrane deformation by proteins that exert mechanical force. In the cases shown, tubules are pulled out of a flat membrane by either being attached to molecular motors (blue) that move along cytoskeleton fibers, or by binding to the tip ...
... Three major mechanisms by which proteins generate curvature. (a) Membrane deformation by proteins that exert mechanical force. In the cases shown, tubules are pulled out of a flat membrane by either being attached to molecular motors (blue) that move along cytoskeleton fibers, or by binding to the tip ...
Handout
... • Actin-nucleating factors accelerate polymerization and generate branched or straight filaments. • Actin filament-binding proteins alter filament dynamics. • Severing proteins regulate actin filament depolymerization. • Higher-order actin filament arrays influence cellular mechanical properties ...
... • Actin-nucleating factors accelerate polymerization and generate branched or straight filaments. • Actin filament-binding proteins alter filament dynamics. • Severing proteins regulate actin filament depolymerization. • Higher-order actin filament arrays influence cellular mechanical properties ...
Marginally hydrophobic transmembrane helices shaping membrane protein folding
... A common feature in many animal cells is that the extracytoplasmic leaflet contains most of the phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and glycosphingolipids, while phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine are enriched in the cytoplasmic leaflet (27) . How the asymmetry is established and mainta ...
... A common feature in many animal cells is that the extracytoplasmic leaflet contains most of the phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, and glycosphingolipids, while phosphatidylserine and phosphatidylethanolamine are enriched in the cytoplasmic leaflet (27) . How the asymmetry is established and mainta ...
Two Microtubule-Associated Proteins of the
... The organization and dynamics of microtubules are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins, or MAPs. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), nine genes encode proteins of the evolutionarily conserved MAP65 family. We proposed that different MAP65s might have distinct roles in the interaction with ...
... The organization and dynamics of microtubules are regulated by microtubule-associated proteins, or MAPs. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), nine genes encode proteins of the evolutionarily conserved MAP65 family. We proposed that different MAP65s might have distinct roles in the interaction with ...
Yeast
... We have isolated the cytosolic form of Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) from the marine yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. This enzyme has a subunit mass of 18 kDa. The preparation was found to be heterogeneous by IF electrophoresis with two pI ranges: 5·14–4·0 and 1·6–1·8. The enzyme preparation had a re ...
... We have isolated the cytosolic form of Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) from the marine yeast Debaryomyces hansenii. This enzyme has a subunit mass of 18 kDa. The preparation was found to be heterogeneous by IF electrophoresis with two pI ranges: 5·14–4·0 and 1·6–1·8. The enzyme preparation had a re ...
SUGAR SENSING AND SIGNALING IN PLANTS
... concomitant production of oxygen. Consistent with their importance as the prime carbon and energy sources for most cell types, sugars, in addition, have acquired important regulatory functions early in evolution, controlling metabolism, stress resistance, growth, and development in bacteria, yeasts, ...
... concomitant production of oxygen. Consistent with their importance as the prime carbon and energy sources for most cell types, sugars, in addition, have acquired important regulatory functions early in evolution, controlling metabolism, stress resistance, growth, and development in bacteria, yeasts, ...
Document
... If model 2 is right, GAP activity determines the GTPRas/GDPRas ratio add EGF, activity should dramatically increase. (A. Yes, B. No) If model 1 is right, His 116 already already cause the exchange 10 X fast Adding EGF would have a small effect. (A. Yes, B. No) ...
... If model 2 is right, GAP activity determines the GTPRas/GDPRas ratio add EGF, activity should dramatically increase. (A. Yes, B. No) If model 1 is right, His 116 already already cause the exchange 10 X fast Adding EGF would have a small effect. (A. Yes, B. No) ...
Dual-topology membrane proteins Escherichia coli Susanna Seppälä
... E. coli is a rod-shaped, ~0.5 µm wide and ~2 µm long, gram-negative bacterium. It is part of the normal gut flora in humans and other animals, although there are pathogenic variants that may cause disease. Since its discovery by Theodor Escherich in 1885, E. coli has become a popular workhorse in la ...
... E. coli is a rod-shaped, ~0.5 µm wide and ~2 µm long, gram-negative bacterium. It is part of the normal gut flora in humans and other animals, although there are pathogenic variants that may cause disease. Since its discovery by Theodor Escherich in 1885, E. coli has become a popular workhorse in la ...
Ingredient of the Month - American Culinary Federation
... when “bad” LDL cholesterol is oxidized. Omega-3 is also linked with improved glucose control and stronger bones. Minerals: Walnuts are a source of calcium, magnesium, and potassium, which are part of their benefits to the cardiovascular system. Protein: As a plant source of protein, walnuts offer pr ...
... when “bad” LDL cholesterol is oxidized. Omega-3 is also linked with improved glucose control and stronger bones. Minerals: Walnuts are a source of calcium, magnesium, and potassium, which are part of their benefits to the cardiovascular system. Protein: As a plant source of protein, walnuts offer pr ...
Genetic Dissection of Chloroplast Biogenesis and
... that first serve as storage organs but become photosynthetically active, to the hypogaeic seedlings, where the cotyledons only serve as a storage organ and are not photosynthetic. Herein, we only refer to chloroplast biogenesis and development in epigaeic seedlings. That chloroplast development proc ...
... that first serve as storage organs but become photosynthetically active, to the hypogaeic seedlings, where the cotyledons only serve as a storage organ and are not photosynthetic. Herein, we only refer to chloroplast biogenesis and development in epigaeic seedlings. That chloroplast development proc ...
Characterization of the Enzymatic Component of the ADP
... Certain strains of Clostridium difficile produce the ADP-ribosyltransferase CDT, which is a binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxin. The toxin consists of the binding component CDTb, which mediates receptor binding and cellular uptake, and the enzyme component CDTa. Here we studied the enzyme component ...
... Certain strains of Clostridium difficile produce the ADP-ribosyltransferase CDT, which is a binary actin ADP-ribosylating toxin. The toxin consists of the binding component CDTb, which mediates receptor binding and cellular uptake, and the enzyme component CDTa. Here we studied the enzyme component ...
Endosomal transport of septin mRNA and protein indicates local
... we cannot make any conclusions on the percentage of recovery which is used to determine the immobile fraction of molecules in FRAP experiments. However, these data clearly show that there is a microtubule-dependent process involved. We explained this in more detail and included the following text “N ...
... we cannot make any conclusions on the percentage of recovery which is used to determine the immobile fraction of molecules in FRAP experiments. However, these data clearly show that there is a microtubule-dependent process involved. We explained this in more detail and included the following text “N ...
Chapter 33 Slides
... peptide", aka a "signal sequence" of about 1626 amino acids • The signal sequence has a basic N-terminus, a central domain of 7-13 hydrophobic residues, and a nonhelical C-terminus • The signal sequence directs the newly synthesized protein to its proper destination Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brac ...
... peptide", aka a "signal sequence" of about 1626 amino acids • The signal sequence has a basic N-terminus, a central domain of 7-13 hydrophobic residues, and a nonhelical C-terminus • The signal sequence directs the newly synthesized protein to its proper destination Copyright © 1999 by Harcourt Brac ...
enterocolitica Yersinia Type III Secretion System of Properties of the
... Downloaded from http://jb.asm.org/ on February 21, 2013 by PENN STATE UNIV ...
... Downloaded from http://jb.asm.org/ on February 21, 2013 by PENN STATE UNIV ...
Mixed Lineage Kinase Domain-like Protein Mediates Necrosis
... The importance of necrotic cell death has been illustrated by several recent findings. Breeding onto a RIP3 knockout background rescues the developmental defects of caspase-8 knockout mice. This indicates that the cardiac, vascular, and hematopoietic defects that occur during the development of casp ...
... The importance of necrotic cell death has been illustrated by several recent findings. Breeding onto a RIP3 knockout background rescues the developmental defects of caspase-8 knockout mice. This indicates that the cardiac, vascular, and hematopoietic defects that occur during the development of casp ...
The Role of Target of Rapamycin Signaling
... Figure 2. TOR signaling functions in plant growth and development. A, Glc activation of Arabidopsis root growth is TOR dependent but gin2 independent. Wild-type (WT; ecotype Columbia of Arabidopsis or Ler), estradiol-inducible tor-es mutants (tor-es1, tor-es2), and HEXOKINASE1 mutant (gin2) seedling ...
... Figure 2. TOR signaling functions in plant growth and development. A, Glc activation of Arabidopsis root growth is TOR dependent but gin2 independent. Wild-type (WT; ecotype Columbia of Arabidopsis or Ler), estradiol-inducible tor-es mutants (tor-es1, tor-es2), and HEXOKINASE1 mutant (gin2) seedling ...
mTORC1 and the regulation of skeletal muscle anabolism and mass
... alone or in combination with intake of protein or amino acids. Because increased activity of the complex is implicated in the development of muscle insulin resistance, obesity, and some cancers (e.g., ovarian, breast), drugs that target mTORC1 are being developed or are in clinical trials. However, ...
... alone or in combination with intake of protein or amino acids. Because increased activity of the complex is implicated in the development of muscle insulin resistance, obesity, and some cancers (e.g., ovarian, breast), drugs that target mTORC1 are being developed or are in clinical trials. However, ...
DORSAL-VENTRAL PATTERNING AND NEURAL INDUCTION IN
... others (Avsian-Kretchmer & Hsueh 2004). Because BMP and Noggin share cystine knots and conserved protein folds, it has been proposed that the ligand and its antagonist may have evolved from ancestrally related proteins (Groppe et al. 2002). Chordin is a large protein of about 1000 amino acids contai ...
... others (Avsian-Kretchmer & Hsueh 2004). Because BMP and Noggin share cystine knots and conserved protein folds, it has been proposed that the ligand and its antagonist may have evolved from ancestrally related proteins (Groppe et al. 2002). Chordin is a large protein of about 1000 amino acids contai ...
The Evolution of SMC Proteins: Phylogenetic Analysis and Structural
... activity appears to be required for the full function of SMC-containing complexes, as shown by mutagenesis of the ATP-binding domain (Chuang, Albertson, and Meyer 1994; Verkade et al. 1999; Fousteri and Lehmann 2000; Hirano et al. 2001) or the use of nonhydrolysable ATP analogs (Kimura and Hirano 19 ...
... activity appears to be required for the full function of SMC-containing complexes, as shown by mutagenesis of the ATP-binding domain (Chuang, Albertson, and Meyer 1994; Verkade et al. 1999; Fousteri and Lehmann 2000; Hirano et al. 2001) or the use of nonhydrolysable ATP analogs (Kimura and Hirano 19 ...
Starting the protein synthesis machine: eukaryotic
... ribosome by the G-protein eIF2 (Fig. 1). eIF2, Met-tRNAiMet and GTP jointly bind the 40S subunit as a ternary complex (Fig. 1; see chapter by AG Hinnebusch in Ref. 1). Since the GDP-bound form of eIF2 generated by each initiation cycle cannot bind Met-tRNAiMet, it requires the action of the guanine ...
... ribosome by the G-protein eIF2 (Fig. 1). eIF2, Met-tRNAiMet and GTP jointly bind the 40S subunit as a ternary complex (Fig. 1; see chapter by AG Hinnebusch in Ref. 1). Since the GDP-bound form of eIF2 generated by each initiation cycle cannot bind Met-tRNAiMet, it requires the action of the guanine ...
PDF - Walter Lab
... et al., 1984). Much of the knowledge about the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon is derived from the reconstitution of this process in vitro from components derived from a variety of higher eukaryotic cells. From these studies a model evolved in which protein translation and its translocation a ...
... et al., 1984). Much of the knowledge about the molecular mechanism of this phenomenon is derived from the reconstitution of this process in vitro from components derived from a variety of higher eukaryotic cells. From these studies a model evolved in which protein translation and its translocation a ...
Introduction - ART
... Cells are continuously exposed to diverse external stimuli, ranging from soluble endocrine and paracrine factors to signaling molecules on neighboring cells. The cell must interpret these extracellular signals to produce an appropriate developmental or proliferative response. Receptors of the tyrosi ...
... Cells are continuously exposed to diverse external stimuli, ranging from soluble endocrine and paracrine factors to signaling molecules on neighboring cells. The cell must interpret these extracellular signals to produce an appropriate developmental or proliferative response. Receptors of the tyrosi ...
Evolution of HSP70 gene and its implications regarding - ACE-SAP
... closer relationship to the eubacteria, whereas extremely thermophilic archaebacteria (termed eocytes) bore sequence characteristics similar to the eukaryotic cells. The above classification has also been criticized on the grounds that "the difference in structural organization between prokaryotes an ...
... closer relationship to the eubacteria, whereas extremely thermophilic archaebacteria (termed eocytes) bore sequence characteristics similar to the eukaryotic cells. The above classification has also been criticized on the grounds that "the difference in structural organization between prokaryotes an ...
Cutting the nonsense: the degradation of PTC containing mRNAs
... SMG5, SMG6 and SMG7 all contain two TPRs (tetratricopeptide repeats) situated in the middle sector of SMG6 and in the N-terminus of SMG5 and SMG7. TPR-containing domains consist of 34-amino-acid-long TPRs that are usually associated with protein–protein interactions [39]. For SMG7, the TPRs were sho ...
... SMG5, SMG6 and SMG7 all contain two TPRs (tetratricopeptide repeats) situated in the middle sector of SMG6 and in the N-terminus of SMG5 and SMG7. TPR-containing domains consist of 34-amino-acid-long TPRs that are usually associated with protein–protein interactions [39]. For SMG7, the TPRs were sho ...
The mechanism of redox sensing in Mycobacterium tuberculosis
... The role of ROS in TB pathogenesis is highlighted by the observation that alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes obtained from active TB patients produce significantly reduced levels of ROS upon Mtb infection compared with cells from healthy individuals [10,11]. This decrease in ROS is related to t ...
... The role of ROS in TB pathogenesis is highlighted by the observation that alveolar macrophages and blood monocytes obtained from active TB patients produce significantly reduced levels of ROS upon Mtb infection compared with cells from healthy individuals [10,11]. This decrease in ROS is related to t ...
Protein phosphorylation
Protein phosphorylation is a post-translational modification of proteins in which an amino acid residue is phosphorylated by a protein kinase by the addition of a covalently bound phosphate group. Phosphorylation alters the structural conformation of a protein, causing it to become activated, deactivated, or modifying its function. The reverse reaction of phosphorylation is called dephosphorylation, and is catalyzed by protein phosphatases. Protein kinases and phosphatases work independently and in a balance to regulate the function of proteins. The amino acids most commonly phosphorylated are serine, threonine, and tyrosine in eukaryotes, and histidine in prokaryotes, which play important and well-characterized roles in signaling pathways and metabolism. However, many other amino acids can also be phosphorylated, including arginine, lysine, and cysteine. Protein phosphorylation was first reported in 1906 by Phoebus Levene at the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research with the discovery of phosphorylated vitellin. However, it was nearly 50 years until the enzymatic phosphorylation of proteins by protein kinases was discovered.