Document
... Covalent bonds are the most common and strongest chemical bonds in the body. Single, double, or triple covalent bonds are formed by sharing one, two, or three pairs of electrons, respectively. Covalent bonds may be nonpolar or polar. Nonpolar covalent bond -atoms share the electrons equally; o ...
... Covalent bonds are the most common and strongest chemical bonds in the body. Single, double, or triple covalent bonds are formed by sharing one, two, or three pairs of electrons, respectively. Covalent bonds may be nonpolar or polar. Nonpolar covalent bond -atoms share the electrons equally; o ...
anaerobic and aerobic respiration
... Some prokaryotes are able to carry out anaerobic respiration, respiration in which an inorganic molecule other than oxygen (O2) is the final electron acceptor. For example, some bacteria called soleplate reducers can transfer electrons to soleplate (SO42-) reducing it to H2S. Other bacteria, called ...
... Some prokaryotes are able to carry out anaerobic respiration, respiration in which an inorganic molecule other than oxygen (O2) is the final electron acceptor. For example, some bacteria called soleplate reducers can transfer electrons to soleplate (SO42-) reducing it to H2S. Other bacteria, called ...
Document
... full TCA cycle under anaerobic conditions or when the glucose concentration is high but does at other times. Even those microorganisms that lack the complete TCA cycle usually have most of the cycle enzymes, because one of TCA cycle’s major functions is to provide carbon skeletons for use in biosynt ...
... full TCA cycle under anaerobic conditions or when the glucose concentration is high but does at other times. Even those microorganisms that lack the complete TCA cycle usually have most of the cycle enzymes, because one of TCA cycle’s major functions is to provide carbon skeletons for use in biosynt ...
Cellular Respiration Worksheet and Answers
... 13. Under which condition would you expect the mitochondrial proton gradient to be highest and therefore ATP synthesis to proceed? a. Pyruvate (present) oxygen (present) ATP levels (high) b. Pyruvate (present) oxygen (present) ATP ...
... 13. Under which condition would you expect the mitochondrial proton gradient to be highest and therefore ATP synthesis to proceed? a. Pyruvate (present) oxygen (present) ATP levels (high) b. Pyruvate (present) oxygen (present) ATP ...
General Botany I - Conservatory of Flowers
... Transpiration occurs more slowly here, and the added surface area helps to collect what little sunlight there is. Some of these leaves will also be a darker blue-green color in order to pick up red-wavelength light not used by the lighter green leaves higher up. Plants in rainforests are exposed to ...
... Transpiration occurs more slowly here, and the added surface area helps to collect what little sunlight there is. Some of these leaves will also be a darker blue-green color in order to pick up red-wavelength light not used by the lighter green leaves higher up. Plants in rainforests are exposed to ...
peptides - WordPress.com
... Hydrogen has the lowest redox potential (-0.42 volt ) while oxygen has the highest redox potential (+0.82 volt). The redox potential of all other substances lie between that of hydrogen and oxygen. Electrons are transferred from substances with low redox potential to substances with higher redox po ...
... Hydrogen has the lowest redox potential (-0.42 volt ) while oxygen has the highest redox potential (+0.82 volt). The redox potential of all other substances lie between that of hydrogen and oxygen. Electrons are transferred from substances with low redox potential to substances with higher redox po ...
Chap 9 PowerPoint file (*)
... • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as the fuel, but the primary source is glucose. • C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
... • Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins can all be used as the fuel, but the primary source is glucose. • C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP + heat) ...
cellular respiration study guide
... 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. ...
... 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. ...
Chapter 18 Notes
... (eukaryotic), are muticellular, and heterotrophic (do not make their own food). Animals also have nervous and muscle tissue, body semmetry, and identifiable body parts (example: eyes, legs, antennae, a digestive system). ...
... (eukaryotic), are muticellular, and heterotrophic (do not make their own food). Animals also have nervous and muscle tissue, body semmetry, and identifiable body parts (example: eyes, legs, antennae, a digestive system). ...
Lecture 8. Biogeochemical Cycles
... emerged because nitrogen was a limiting element for microbial growth. Although molecular nitrogen was abundant in the atmosphere, microbial cells could not directly utilize nitrogen as N2 gas. Cells require organic nitrogen compounds or reduced inorganic forms of nitrogen for growth. Therefore, unde ...
... emerged because nitrogen was a limiting element for microbial growth. Although molecular nitrogen was abundant in the atmosphere, microbial cells could not directly utilize nitrogen as N2 gas. Cells require organic nitrogen compounds or reduced inorganic forms of nitrogen for growth. Therefore, unde ...
Unit1Chpt5
... • However, when the temperature of a system exceeds the level to which the enzyme is adapted to functioning, the enzyme denatures and the reaction rate decreases. OVERVIEW: By changing the pH, temperature, and salinity of a system in which enzymes are functioning, a destabilization of the tertiary ...
... • However, when the temperature of a system exceeds the level to which the enzyme is adapted to functioning, the enzyme denatures and the reaction rate decreases. OVERVIEW: By changing the pH, temperature, and salinity of a system in which enzymes are functioning, a destabilization of the tertiary ...
Harvesting and Eating Garden-Grown Popcorn
... out the flowers, fruit, and seeds; brainstorming other types of these parts will be helpful to understand why the popcorn flowers, fruit, and seeds look so different. Tell students, while some flowers have petals, corn has two types of flowers: the tassels and the silk. Like a green bean, the corn c ...
... out the flowers, fruit, and seeds; brainstorming other types of these parts will be helpful to understand why the popcorn flowers, fruit, and seeds look so different. Tell students, while some flowers have petals, corn has two types of flowers: the tassels and the silk. Like a green bean, the corn c ...
Biochemistry - Austin Community College
... • Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber • Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose • Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have symbiotic relationships with these microbes ...
... • Cellulose in human food passes through the digestive tract as insoluble fiber • Some microbes use enzymes to digest cellulose • Many herbivores, from cows to termites, have symbiotic relationships with these microbes ...
Glossary of Terms
... Refers to the chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electron pairs between two atoms. Cyanobacteria: ...
... Refers to the chemical bond formed by the sharing of one or more electron pairs between two atoms. Cyanobacteria: ...
Ch. 39 Plant Responses to Internal and External Signals
... senescence = programmed death of certain cells or organs or the entire plant programmed cell death apoptosis leaf abscission causes cells to produce enzymes that digest cellulose in abscission layer (parenchyma cells) purpose prevent dessication during periods where water is scarce elements ...
... senescence = programmed death of certain cells or organs or the entire plant programmed cell death apoptosis leaf abscission causes cells to produce enzymes that digest cellulose in abscission layer (parenchyma cells) purpose prevent dessication during periods where water is scarce elements ...
thermodynamics
... ATP hydrolysis and come out ahead If the reaction we want has DGo < +60 kJ/mol, we can couple it to ATP AMP and come out ahead So ATP is a convenient source of energy — an energy currency for the cell ...
... ATP hydrolysis and come out ahead If the reaction we want has DGo < +60 kJ/mol, we can couple it to ATP AMP and come out ahead So ATP is a convenient source of energy — an energy currency for the cell ...
Plants
... Stomata: opening that allows for gas exchange Guard cells are responsible for opening the closing the stomata Have the ability to close the stomata when they would usually open if the plant senses there is excessive water loss. Caused by changing the amount of water in and out of the plant by mo ...
... Stomata: opening that allows for gas exchange Guard cells are responsible for opening the closing the stomata Have the ability to close the stomata when they would usually open if the plant senses there is excessive water loss. Caused by changing the amount of water in and out of the plant by mo ...
AP Biology
... 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. ...
... 2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. ...
3. What is the empirical formula of a compound that is
... 7.When 10.0 g of copper was reacted with 60.0 g of silver nitrate solution. How many grams of silver are produced? How much of each reactant is left over?( Calculate the amount in grams) ...
... 7.When 10.0 g of copper was reacted with 60.0 g of silver nitrate solution. How many grams of silver are produced? How much of each reactant is left over?( Calculate the amount in grams) ...
Interactions Study Guide
... 2. Consumers are all living things that are unable to produce their own food and have to go and find it (all animals with the exception of the bacteria—as far as we know, which isn’t that far). Consumers are classified according to what they eat and how far up they are on the food chain. a. Primary ...
... 2. Consumers are all living things that are unable to produce their own food and have to go and find it (all animals with the exception of the bacteria—as far as we know, which isn’t that far). Consumers are classified according to what they eat and how far up they are on the food chain. a. Primary ...
answer key
... the expenditure of 1 ATP. The pentose phosphate pathway generates 2NADPH = 6ATP for each CO2 released. The resulting ribulose-5-phosphate can be reconverted to glucose6-phosphate through the remaining reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis (F6P → G6P and GAP → DHAP → FBP → F6 ...
... the expenditure of 1 ATP. The pentose phosphate pathway generates 2NADPH = 6ATP for each CO2 released. The resulting ribulose-5-phosphate can be reconverted to glucose6-phosphate through the remaining reactions of the pentose phosphate pathway and gluconeogenesis (F6P → G6P and GAP → DHAP → FBP → F6 ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.