RHS R3101 Level 3 Past Paper June 2013
... Please note, when the word ‘distinct’ is used within a question, it means that the items have different characteristics or features. ...
... Please note, when the word ‘distinct’ is used within a question, it means that the items have different characteristics or features. ...
9/2/08 Transcript I - UAB School of Optometry
... Utilized in "Fight or Flight"- If confronted by a lion then you will fight or flee and use this type of process because it does not require any set up time or oxygen. There are 10 rxns which are the same in all cells, but may not happen at same rate. 2 Phases: 1. Converts glucose to two Glycer ...
... Utilized in "Fight or Flight"- If confronted by a lion then you will fight or flee and use this type of process because it does not require any set up time or oxygen. There are 10 rxns which are the same in all cells, but may not happen at same rate. 2 Phases: 1. Converts glucose to two Glycer ...
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
... isocitrate by transferring two electrons to NAD+ to form NADH, and in the process, releasing CO2, it is activated by ADP and Ca2+ and inhibited by NADH and ATP. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase - functionally similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase in that it is a multisubunit complex, requires the same five ...
... isocitrate by transferring two electrons to NAD+ to form NADH, and in the process, releasing CO2, it is activated by ADP and Ca2+ and inhibited by NADH and ATP. α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase - functionally similar to pyruvate dehydrogenase in that it is a multisubunit complex, requires the same five ...
4.4 Plants
... To know that both light and water are important to a plant. To be able to investigate the best place for growing a plant. To know the main parts of flowering plants and be able to recognise these parts on different plants (including trees and bushes) To know that trees and bushes are flowering plant ...
... To know that both light and water are important to a plant. To be able to investigate the best place for growing a plant. To know the main parts of flowering plants and be able to recognise these parts on different plants (including trees and bushes) To know that trees and bushes are flowering plant ...
Biol 1020: Making ATP
... comparisons to aerobic respiration in terms of process and energy yield where these processes are found in nature key terms and products (NAD+ regeneration, ethanol, CO2, lactic acid) human uses of these processes ...
... comparisons to aerobic respiration in terms of process and energy yield where these processes are found in nature key terms and products (NAD+ regeneration, ethanol, CO2, lactic acid) human uses of these processes ...
BCHM 562, Biochemistry II
... 3. NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced, to form NADH. 4. NADH is a reducing agent – it can donate electrons. 5. Electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD+. 6. NADPH is NADH with an extra phosphate group on the 2’ site of the ribos ...
... 3. NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced, to form NADH. 4. NADH is a reducing agent – it can donate electrons. 5. Electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD+. 6. NADPH is NADH with an extra phosphate group on the 2’ site of the ribos ...
Cellular_respiration_ppt
... C6H12O6 is in town You need some O2, that’s oxygen So the respiration party can begin Now do the flip side, girl just switch it You take some water and then you mix it With some CO2 and see to your surprise ...
... C6H12O6 is in town You need some O2, that’s oxygen So the respiration party can begin Now do the flip side, girl just switch it You take some water and then you mix it With some CO2 and see to your surprise ...
Chapter 6 Notes
... respiration, a chemical process that – primarily occurs in mitochondria, – harvests energy stored in organic molecules, – uses oxygen, and – generates ATP. ...
... respiration, a chemical process that – primarily occurs in mitochondria, – harvests energy stored in organic molecules, – uses oxygen, and – generates ATP. ...
Biology 181: Study Guide
... If glucose provides the ultimate source of energy for cells, why do they transfer that energy to other molecules like ADP -> ATP? or NAD+ -> NADH? Compare substrate-level phosphorylation to oxidative phosphorylation. Which require enzymes? what are the oxidizing agents? where do these processes occu ...
... If glucose provides the ultimate source of energy for cells, why do they transfer that energy to other molecules like ADP -> ATP? or NAD+ -> NADH? Compare substrate-level phosphorylation to oxidative phosphorylation. Which require enzymes? what are the oxidizing agents? where do these processes occu ...
AME Herbivory Lecture - DISL Sharepoint Site
... they were thought to function in a dose dependent manner • In contrast, fast-growing plants with unpredictable distributions are unapparent because they are more likely to escape many herbivores – Because they allocate more resources to rapid growth, reproduction, and dispersal, unapparent plants sh ...
... they were thought to function in a dose dependent manner • In contrast, fast-growing plants with unpredictable distributions are unapparent because they are more likely to escape many herbivores – Because they allocate more resources to rapid growth, reproduction, and dispersal, unapparent plants sh ...
CFA 3 - Plants - Applied Science: Living THings Multiple Choice
... a. lignin in the cell walls of vascular tissue helps the plant overcome gravity. b. they can live in drier areas than nonvascular plants. c. they rely on osmosis to transport materials throughout the body of the plant. ...
... a. lignin in the cell walls of vascular tissue helps the plant overcome gravity. b. they can live in drier areas than nonvascular plants. c. they rely on osmosis to transport materials throughout the body of the plant. ...
lec33_F2015
... to water. Note that the oxygen only serves as a final acceptor of electrons in this process. In many organisms other compounds besides oxygen can serve as electron sinks, allowing organisms to perform 'oxidative' phosphorylation in the absence of O2. The actual synthesis of ATP is from a proton grad ...
... to water. Note that the oxygen only serves as a final acceptor of electrons in this process. In many organisms other compounds besides oxygen can serve as electron sinks, allowing organisms to perform 'oxidative' phosphorylation in the absence of O2. The actual synthesis of ATP is from a proton grad ...
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
... metabolism. The outer membrane of the mitochondria acts as a cell membrane and houses transport proteins that allow substances in and out of the mitochondria. For instance, the outer membrane houses transport proteins, which move the two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis from the cytoplasm ...
... metabolism. The outer membrane of the mitochondria acts as a cell membrane and houses transport proteins that allow substances in and out of the mitochondria. For instance, the outer membrane houses transport proteins, which move the two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis from the cytoplasm ...
2010 - thephysicsteacher.ie
... (i) Give one reason why LEDs are often preferred for this use ahead of standard light bulbs. The circuit on the right includes a resistor, a switch and an LED. (ii) Will the LED light if the switch is closed? (iii)Give a reason for your answer. (iv) Why is it necessary to place a resistor in series ...
... (i) Give one reason why LEDs are often preferred for this use ahead of standard light bulbs. The circuit on the right includes a resistor, a switch and an LED. (ii) Will the LED light if the switch is closed? (iii)Give a reason for your answer. (iv) Why is it necessary to place a resistor in series ...
Slide 1
... Cellular respiration is an exergonic process that transfers energy from the bonds in glucose to form ATP. Cellular respiration – produces up to 32 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule and – captures only about 34% of the energy originally stored in glucose. ...
... Cellular respiration is an exergonic process that transfers energy from the bonds in glucose to form ATP. Cellular respiration – produces up to 32 ATP molecules from each glucose molecule and – captures only about 34% of the energy originally stored in glucose. ...
Life`s unity and flexibility: the ecological link
... energy: (i) energy-rich chemical bonds of ATP (and similar molecules, including other nucleoside triphosphate), in which several metabolic reactions are coupled to ATP hydrolysis, and (ii) transmembrane ion gradients such as those used in flagellar movement and in the uptake of certain nutrients. AT ...
... energy: (i) energy-rich chemical bonds of ATP (and similar molecules, including other nucleoside triphosphate), in which several metabolic reactions are coupled to ATP hydrolysis, and (ii) transmembrane ion gradients such as those used in flagellar movement and in the uptake of certain nutrients. AT ...
Respiratory System Power Point
... The bronchioles divide many more times into smaller branches called intralobular bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles end with the smallest and final air passageways of the respiratory system, the alveoli. ...
... The bronchioles divide many more times into smaller branches called intralobular bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles. The respiratory bronchioles end with the smallest and final air passageways of the respiratory system, the alveoli. ...
the Instructor`s Manual (PDF file format)
... All substances in organisms cycle through the ecosystem. Many of these substances have atmospheric reservoirs while others are contained within rocks. Rarely is the bulk of any substance contained within bodies of organisms. Among the more important biogeochemical cycles are those that involve water ...
... All substances in organisms cycle through the ecosystem. Many of these substances have atmospheric reservoirs while others are contained within rocks. Rarely is the bulk of any substance contained within bodies of organisms. Among the more important biogeochemical cycles are those that involve water ...
As discussed in the chapter on digestion, nutrients can be used for
... Oxygen, however, diffuses to all cells (in the leaves, stem or roots) from the surface of the plant. It diffuses through the cell walls between the cells. This means that phloem, is not involved in the distribution of oxygen. In the cytoplasm of cells, there are specialised organelles called mitocho ...
... Oxygen, however, diffuses to all cells (in the leaves, stem or roots) from the surface of the plant. It diffuses through the cell walls between the cells. This means that phloem, is not involved in the distribution of oxygen. In the cytoplasm of cells, there are specialised organelles called mitocho ...
Evolution of an atypical de-epoxidase for photoprotection in the
... fitness because of a trade-off between efficient solar energy conversion and photoprotection. The xanthophyll cycle, in which the carotenoid pigment violaxanthin is reversibly converted into zeaxanthin, is ubiquitous among green algae and plants and is necessary for the regulation of light harvesting, ...
... fitness because of a trade-off between efficient solar energy conversion and photoprotection. The xanthophyll cycle, in which the carotenoid pigment violaxanthin is reversibly converted into zeaxanthin, is ubiquitous among green algae and plants and is necessary for the regulation of light harvesting, ...
Intro to Ecology
... and used again. Bacteria and fungi are examples. The recycling is essential to an environment so dead remains Mrs. Degl ...
... and used again. Bacteria and fungi are examples. The recycling is essential to an environment so dead remains Mrs. Degl ...
Tymoczko, Biochemistry: A Short Course 3e, Launchpad
... the attack of the hydroxyl group on carbon _____ with carbon _____. a. 5; 2 b. 2; 6 c. 6; 1 d. 6; 2 3. Formation of pyranose and furanose forms of sugar result in the generation of a new asymmetric carbon giving rise to α- and β-forms of the sugars. If the resulting anomeric alcohol group is above t ...
... the attack of the hydroxyl group on carbon _____ with carbon _____. a. 5; 2 b. 2; 6 c. 6; 1 d. 6; 2 3. Formation of pyranose and furanose forms of sugar result in the generation of a new asymmetric carbon giving rise to α- and β-forms of the sugars. If the resulting anomeric alcohol group is above t ...
Reactive Oxygen Species
... activated oxygen atom into the substrate molecule to produce ROH. In eukaryotic monooxygenases, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by ‘leaky’ branches (red arrows). In one such branch, a superoxide anion radical is released owing to the decay of the one-electron-reduced ternary complex (d). ...
... activated oxygen atom into the substrate molecule to produce ROH. In eukaryotic monooxygenases, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by ‘leaky’ branches (red arrows). In one such branch, a superoxide anion radical is released owing to the decay of the one-electron-reduced ternary complex (d). ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy, normally from the Sun, into chemical energy that can be later released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesized from carbon dioxide and water – hence the name photosynthesis, from the Greek φῶς, phōs, ""light"", and σύνθεσις, synthesis, ""putting together"". In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product. Most plants, most algae, and cyanobacteria perform photosynthesis; such organisms are called photoautotrophs. Photosynthesis maintains atmospheric oxygen levels and supplies all of the organic compounds and most of the energy necessary for life on Earth.Although photosynthesis is performed differently by different species, the process always begins when energy from light is absorbed by proteins called reaction centres that contain green chlorophyll pigments. In plants, these proteins are held inside organelles called chloroplasts, which are most abundant in leaf cells, while in bacteria they are embedded in the plasma membrane. In these light-dependent reactions, some energy is used to strip electrons from suitable substances, such as water, producing oxygen gas. Furthermore, two further compounds are generated: reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the ""energy currency"" of cells.In plants, algae and cyanobacteria, sugars are produced by a subsequent sequence of light-independent reactions called the Calvin cycle, but some bacteria use different mechanisms, such as the reverse Krebs cycle. In the Calvin cycle, atmospheric carbon dioxide is incorporated into already existing organic carbon compounds, such as ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP). Using the ATP and NADPH produced by the light-dependent reactions, the resulting compounds are then reduced and removed to form further carbohydrates, such as glucose.The first photosynthetic organisms probably evolved early in the evolutionary history of life and most likely used reducing agents, such as hydrogen or hydrogen sulfide, as sources of electrons, rather than water. Cyanobacteria appeared later; the excess oxygen they produced contributed to the oxygen catastrophe, which rendered the evolution of complex life possible. Today, the average rate of energy capture by photosynthesis globally is approximately 130 terawatts, which is about three times the current power consumption of human civilization.Photosynthetic organisms also convert around 100–115 thousand million metric tonnes of carbon into biomass per year.