annotated slides Power Point
... • A variant of TCA for plants and bacteria • Acetate-based growth - net synthesis of carbohydrates and other intermediates from acetate - is not possible with TCA • Glyoxylate cycle offers a solution for plants and some bacteria and algae • The CO2-evolving steps are bypassed and an extra acetate is ...
... • A variant of TCA for plants and bacteria • Acetate-based growth - net synthesis of carbohydrates and other intermediates from acetate - is not possible with TCA • Glyoxylate cycle offers a solution for plants and some bacteria and algae • The CO2-evolving steps are bypassed and an extra acetate is ...
eco chpt 3
... E. Several species may share the habitat i. But the food, shelter and other resources of that habitat are divided into separate niches ...
... E. Several species may share the habitat i. But the food, shelter and other resources of that habitat are divided into separate niches ...
Aerobic & Anaerobic Metabolism in Muscles
... Lactic acid diffuses out of muscles blood taken by the liver Glucose (by gluconeogenesis) blood taken by the muscle again * It usually takes a little time for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems to catch up with the muscles and supply O2 for aerobic metabolism. ...
... Lactic acid diffuses out of muscles blood taken by the liver Glucose (by gluconeogenesis) blood taken by the muscle again * It usually takes a little time for the respiratory and cardiovascular systems to catch up with the muscles and supply O2 for aerobic metabolism. ...
Lecture Suggestions and Guidelines
... amino acids to form a protein molecule; decomposition—the breakdown of glycogen by the liver to be released as smaller units of glucose; exchange— neutralizing hydrochloric acid in the stomach by swallowing an alkaline solution to form a salt and water. Critical Thinking Issue(s) 1. Briefly describe ...
... amino acids to form a protein molecule; decomposition—the breakdown of glycogen by the liver to be released as smaller units of glucose; exchange— neutralizing hydrochloric acid in the stomach by swallowing an alkaline solution to form a salt and water. Critical Thinking Issue(s) 1. Briefly describe ...
Unit 4 Cellular Energetics Chp 9 Respiration Notes
... kJ) of heat per mole of glucose (about 180 g). This reaction cannot happen at body temperatures. Instead, enzymes within cells lower the barrier of activation energy, allowing sugar to be oxidized in a series of steps. ...
... kJ) of heat per mole of glucose (about 180 g). This reaction cannot happen at body temperatures. Instead, enzymes within cells lower the barrier of activation energy, allowing sugar to be oxidized in a series of steps. ...
"Introduction to Microbial Physiology". In: Microbial Physiology
... Membranes. The cytoplasmic membrane of both gram-positive and gram-negative cells is a lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids, glycolipids, and a variety of proteins. The proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane may extend through its entire thickness. Some of these proteins provide structural support ...
... Membranes. The cytoplasmic membrane of both gram-positive and gram-negative cells is a lipid bilayer composed of phospholipids, glycolipids, and a variety of proteins. The proteins in the cytoplasmic membrane may extend through its entire thickness. Some of these proteins provide structural support ...
Energy - Cobb Learning
... complexes in the cristae (inner membrane) •This causes H+ to be pumped out of the matrix ...
... complexes in the cristae (inner membrane) •This causes H+ to be pumped out of the matrix ...
75. In yeast, if the electron transport system is shut down because of
... e) all of these __ 71. Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration because oxygen: a) Combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water b) Combines with carbon to form carbon dioxide c) Combines with carbon dioxide and water to form glucose d) Reduces glucose to form carbon dioxide and water ...
... e) all of these __ 71. Oxygen is necessary for cellular respiration because oxygen: a) Combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form water b) Combines with carbon to form carbon dioxide c) Combines with carbon dioxide and water to form glucose d) Reduces glucose to form carbon dioxide and water ...
Chem464 Abrol Spring2017 FlippedReview4
... out on a yeast extract maintained under strictly anaerobic conditions to produce ethanol. The experiment consists of incubating a small amount of 14C-labeled substrate (the pulse) with the yeast extract just long enough for each intermediate in the fermentation pathway to become labeled. The label i ...
... out on a yeast extract maintained under strictly anaerobic conditions to produce ethanol. The experiment consists of incubating a small amount of 14C-labeled substrate (the pulse) with the yeast extract just long enough for each intermediate in the fermentation pathway to become labeled. The label i ...
Kreb`s cycle - Secondary Education
... As Figure 9–8 shows, the Krebs cycle and electron transport enable the cell to produce 34 more ATP molecules per glucose molecule, in addition to the 2 ATP molecules obtained from glycolysis. This means that 18 times as much ATP can be generated from glucose in the presence of oxygen. The final wast ...
... As Figure 9–8 shows, the Krebs cycle and electron transport enable the cell to produce 34 more ATP molecules per glucose molecule, in addition to the 2 ATP molecules obtained from glycolysis. This means that 18 times as much ATP can be generated from glucose in the presence of oxygen. The final wast ...
Chapter 26 - s3.amazonaws.com
... If ATP c.c. for a reaction in one direction differs from c.c. in the other, the reactions can form a substrate cycle • The point is not that ATP can be consumed by cycling • But rather that the difference in c.c. permits both reactions (pathways) to be thermodynamically favorable at all times • Allo ...
... If ATP c.c. for a reaction in one direction differs from c.c. in the other, the reactions can form a substrate cycle • The point is not that ATP can be consumed by cycling • But rather that the difference in c.c. permits both reactions (pathways) to be thermodynamically favorable at all times • Allo ...
F214 Content checklist
... Outline why plants, animals and microorganisms need to respire, with reference to active transport and metabolic reactions. Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of ATP. State that ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes. Explain the importance of coenzymes i ...
... Outline why plants, animals and microorganisms need to respire, with reference to active transport and metabolic reactions. Describe, with the aid of diagrams, the structure of ATP. State that ATP provides the immediate source of energy for biological processes. Explain the importance of coenzymes i ...
1 The diagram below represents a biological process 5
... 45. Base your answer to the following question on the information in the chart below and on your knowledge of biology. What is another characteristic of the compounds in class D? 1) They are composed of basic subunits known as nucleotides. 2) They contain the atoms carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, wit ...
... 45. Base your answer to the following question on the information in the chart below and on your knowledge of biology. What is another characteristic of the compounds in class D? 1) They are composed of basic subunits known as nucleotides. 2) They contain the atoms carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, wit ...
Practice Test for BIO 311C
... about an oxidation-reduction (or redox) reaction? A) The molecule that is oxidized loses electrons. B) The molecule that is reduced gains electrons. C) The molecule that is reduced loses electrons. D) The molecule that is oxidized gains electrons. E) Both A and B are correct. 53) Which of the follow ...
... about an oxidation-reduction (or redox) reaction? A) The molecule that is oxidized loses electrons. B) The molecule that is reduced gains electrons. C) The molecule that is reduced loses electrons. D) The molecule that is oxidized gains electrons. E) Both A and B are correct. 53) Which of the follow ...
Oxidation of Cytoplasmic Reduced NAD (NADH+H )
... covalent bonds between carbon atoms or in the form of ATP molecules, into kinetic energy (energy in use) to accomplish cell division, growth, biosynthesis, active transport and all other processes that need energy. Although complicated, biological systems obey the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. ...
... covalent bonds between carbon atoms or in the form of ATP molecules, into kinetic energy (energy in use) to accomplish cell division, growth, biosynthesis, active transport and all other processes that need energy. Although complicated, biological systems obey the fundamental laws of thermodynamics. ...
ECOLOGY REVIEW
... • Solar energy provides practically all the energy for ecosystems. • Living things in an ecosystem can be classified according to how they obtain energyautotrophs or heterotrophs. • Autotrophs convert energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in the bonds of organic molecules (photosynthesis). ...
... • Solar energy provides practically all the energy for ecosystems. • Living things in an ecosystem can be classified according to how they obtain energyautotrophs or heterotrophs. • Autotrophs convert energy from the sun into chemical energy stored in the bonds of organic molecules (photosynthesis). ...
Actinobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria with high
... Other Actinobacteria inhabit plants and animals, including a few pathogens, such as Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and a few species of Streptomyces. Actinobacteria are well-known as secondary metabolite producers and are hence of high pharmacological and commercial interest. ...
... Other Actinobacteria inhabit plants and animals, including a few pathogens, such as Mycobacterium, Corynebacterium, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, and a few species of Streptomyces. Actinobacteria are well-known as secondary metabolite producers and are hence of high pharmacological and commercial interest. ...
Chapter 16
... 11. Hydrolysis of the “high energy” S~C bond of succinyl-CoA produces a “high energy” GTP from GDP. GTP is converted to ATP by nucleoside diphosphate kinase. 12. Malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase since it is structural analog of succinate. 13. The oxidation of alkane to alkine is sufficient ...
... 11. Hydrolysis of the “high energy” S~C bond of succinyl-CoA produces a “high energy” GTP from GDP. GTP is converted to ATP by nucleoside diphosphate kinase. 12. Malonate inhibits succinate dehydrogenase since it is structural analog of succinate. 13. The oxidation of alkane to alkine is sufficient ...
Document
... • Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, and they release oxygen. • During cellular respiration, other organisms use this oxygen and release carbon dioxide. • Photosynthesis and respiration are linked, each depending on the products of the other. ...
... • Plants need carbon dioxide for photosynthesis, and they release oxygen. • During cellular respiration, other organisms use this oxygen and release carbon dioxide. • Photosynthesis and respiration are linked, each depending on the products of the other. ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... (2,870 kJ) of heat per mole of glucose (about 180 g). This reaction cannot happen at body temperatures. Instead, enzymes within cells lower the barrier of activation energy, allowing sugar to be oxidized in a series of steps. ...
... (2,870 kJ) of heat per mole of glucose (about 180 g). This reaction cannot happen at body temperatures. Instead, enzymes within cells lower the barrier of activation energy, allowing sugar to be oxidized in a series of steps. ...
Reece9e_Lecture_C09
... (2,870 kJ) of heat per mole of glucose (about 180 g). This reaction cannot happen at body temperatures. Instead, enzymes within cells lower the barrier of activation energy, allowing sugar to be oxidized in a series of steps. ...
... (2,870 kJ) of heat per mole of glucose (about 180 g). This reaction cannot happen at body temperatures. Instead, enzymes within cells lower the barrier of activation energy, allowing sugar to be oxidized in a series of steps. ...
CHAPTER 9 CELLULAR RESPIRATION: HARVESTING CHEMICAL
... (2,870 kJ) of heat per mole of glucose (about 180 g). This reaction cannot happen at body temperatures. Instead, enzymes within cells lower the barrier of activation energy, allowing sugar to be oxidized in a series of steps. ...
... (2,870 kJ) of heat per mole of glucose (about 180 g). This reaction cannot happen at body temperatures. Instead, enzymes within cells lower the barrier of activation energy, allowing sugar to be oxidized in a series of steps. ...
Microbial metabolism
Microbial metabolism is the means by which a microbe obtains the energy and nutrients (e.g. carbon) it needs to live and reproduce. Microbes use many different types of metabolic strategies and species can often be differentiated from each other based on metabolic characteristics. The specific metabolic properties of a microbe are the major factors in determining that microbe’s ecological niche, and often allow for that microbe to be useful in industrial processes or responsible for biogeochemical cycles.== Types of microbial metabolism ==All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles:1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesising cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO2) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from lightIn practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. Examples: Nitrifying bacteria, Sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, Iron-oxidizing bacteria, Knallgas-bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. Examples: Cyanobacteria (water (H2O) as reducing equivalent donor), Chlorobiaceae, Chromatiaceae (hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing equivalent donor), Chloroflexus (hydrogen (H2) as reducing equivalent donor) chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO2). Examples: some Thiobacilus, some Beggiatoa, some Nitrobacter spp., Wolinella (with H2 as reducing equivalent donor), some Knallgas-bacteria, some sulfate-reducing bacteria chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Examples: most bacteria, e. g. Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Actinobacteria photoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy from light, carbon and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions from organic compounds. Some species are strictly heterotrophic, many others can also fix carbon dioxide and are mixotrophic. Examples: Rhodobacter, Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum, Rhodomicrobium, Rhodocyclus, Heliobacterium, Chloroflexus (alternatively to photolithoautotrophy with hydrogen)