1 Regulation of Substrate Oxidation Preferences in Muscle by the
... Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online May 21, 2014 ...
... Diabetes Publish Ahead of Print, published online May 21, 2014 ...
End-products, Fermentation Balances and Molar
... growth on limiting amounts of glucose in the defined medium. Lactobacillum plantarum, however, did not lyse if galactose replaced glucose, suggesting that this species, similar to certain streptococci (Moustafa & Collins, I 968 b), has difficulty synthesizing galactosamine from glucose. Autolysis wa ...
... growth on limiting amounts of glucose in the defined medium. Lactobacillum plantarum, however, did not lyse if galactose replaced glucose, suggesting that this species, similar to certain streptococci (Moustafa & Collins, I 968 b), has difficulty synthesizing galactosamine from glucose. Autolysis wa ...
Effect of low glycogen on ... metabolism in human muscle during ...
... of low glycogen on carbohydrate and energy metabolism in human muscle during exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Cell Physiol. 31): C975-C979, 1992.-The effect of preexercise muscle glycogen content on the metabolic responses to exercise has been investigated. Seven men cycled at a work load calculated t ...
... of low glycogen on carbohydrate and energy metabolism in human muscle during exercise. Am. J. Physiol. 262 (Cell Physiol. 31): C975-C979, 1992.-The effect of preexercise muscle glycogen content on the metabolic responses to exercise has been investigated. Seven men cycled at a work load calculated t ...
Amino acid metabolism II. Urea cycle
... • Urea synthesis occur in the liver. The amino acids alanine and glutamine carry AA nitrogen from peripheral tissues in the liver. • Key enzyme involved in nitrogen disposal are transaminases, glutamate dehydrogenase, and glutaminase. • The urea cycle consist of four steps and incorporates a nitroge ...
... • Urea synthesis occur in the liver. The amino acids alanine and glutamine carry AA nitrogen from peripheral tissues in the liver. • Key enzyme involved in nitrogen disposal are transaminases, glutamate dehydrogenase, and glutaminase. • The urea cycle consist of four steps and incorporates a nitroge ...
Condon, Nicole.
... malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and the anaerobic enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were analyzed in both red (RM) and white muscle (WM) at a common reference temperature of 10˚C. Significant decreases observed in WM anaerobic enzyme activities and a lack of significant trends ...
... malate dehydrogenase (MDH) and the anaerobic enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate kinase (PK) were analyzed in both red (RM) and white muscle (WM) at a common reference temperature of 10˚C. Significant decreases observed in WM anaerobic enzyme activities and a lack of significant trends ...
Insights into digestion and absorption of major nutrients in humans
... detail the steps in the entire mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract for digestion and absorption of ONE of the three nutrient groups.” In other words, tell how carbohydrates, proteins, OR fats are broken down (in which organs and by which enzymes) and then describe how the final breakdown products ...
... detail the steps in the entire mammalian gastrointestinal (GI) tract for digestion and absorption of ONE of the three nutrient groups.” In other words, tell how carbohydrates, proteins, OR fats are broken down (in which organs and by which enzymes) and then describe how the final breakdown products ...
CH 3
... • Ketone bodies are water soluble, they are convenient to transport in blood, and readily taken up by non-hepatic tissues In the early stages of fasting, the use of ketone bodies by heart, skeletal muscle conserves glucose for support of central nervous system. With more prolonged starvation, brain ...
... • Ketone bodies are water soluble, they are convenient to transport in blood, and readily taken up by non-hepatic tissues In the early stages of fasting, the use of ketone bodies by heart, skeletal muscle conserves glucose for support of central nervous system. With more prolonged starvation, brain ...
userfiles/153/my files/09_lecture_presentation 2015?id=1069
... -Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP -Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration – Although carboh ...
... -Aerobic respiration consumes organic molecules and O2 and yields ATP -Anaerobic respiration is similar to aerobic respiration but consumes compounds other than O2 Cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic respiration but is often used to refer to aerobic respiration – Although carboh ...
world journal of pharmaceutical research
... As shown in Figure 3, in the glycolysis step, glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate via a series of enzymatic reactions that occur in the cytoplasm (anaerobic). The breakdown of glucose releases enough energy to immediately give a net gain of two ATP molecules by substrate-level ATP sy ...
... As shown in Figure 3, in the glycolysis step, glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate via a series of enzymatic reactions that occur in the cytoplasm (anaerobic). The breakdown of glucose releases enough energy to immediately give a net gain of two ATP molecules by substrate-level ATP sy ...
Diuretics
... short-term treatment of acute glaucoma infused to lower intracranial pressure Urea, glycerol and isosorbide are less efficient can penetrate cell membranes ...
... short-term treatment of acute glaucoma infused to lower intracranial pressure Urea, glycerol and isosorbide are less efficient can penetrate cell membranes ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... electrons to O2 after being transferred through a series of electron carriers. • The complete oxidation of each NADH molecule leads to the generation of about 2.5 ATP, and FADH2 of about 1.5 ATP. • Overall efficiency of energy conservation is about 34% using the free energy changes under standard co ...
... electrons to O2 after being transferred through a series of electron carriers. • The complete oxidation of each NADH molecule leads to the generation of about 2.5 ATP, and FADH2 of about 1.5 ATP. • Overall efficiency of energy conservation is about 34% using the free energy changes under standard co ...
The Citric Acid Cycle Is a Source of Biosynthetic Precursors
... pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate in the blood are higher than normal. The increase in the level of pyruvate in the blood is especially pronounced after the ingestion of glucose. A related finding is that the activities of the pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes in vivo are abnormally lo ...
... pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate in the blood are higher than normal. The increase in the level of pyruvate in the blood is especially pronounced after the ingestion of glucose. A related finding is that the activities of the pyruvate and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complexes in vivo are abnormally lo ...
G. M. Tielens Hellemond, Fred R. Opperdoes and Aloysius Susanne
... glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous reports (7, 8, 18). Only a very limited amount of glucose (⬃1%) was broken down to labeled CO2. Because significant production of labeled CO2 from [6-14C]glucose can occur only when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result ...
... glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous reports (7, 8, 18). Only a very limited amount of glucose (⬃1%) was broken down to labeled CO2. Because significant production of labeled CO2 from [6-14C]glucose can occur only when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result ...
New Functions for Parts of the Krebs Cycle in Procyclic
... glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous reports (7, 8, 18). Only a very limited amount of glucose (⬃1%) was broken down to labeled CO2. Because significant production of labeled CO2 from [6-14C]glucose can occur only when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result ...
... glucose metabolism (Fig. 1A), which is in agreement with previous reports (7, 8, 18). Only a very limited amount of glucose (⬃1%) was broken down to labeled CO2. Because significant production of labeled CO2 from [6-14C]glucose can occur only when pyruvate is degraded by the Krebs cycle, this result ...
Source–Sink Relationships
... two photosystems operating sequentially to achieve lightdriven reduction of NADP 1 with concomitant production of a proton gradient, which is used to generate ATP. NAPDH and ATP thus produced are consumed during the assimilation and reduction of carbon dioxide to the level of sugar phosphate and the ...
... two photosystems operating sequentially to achieve lightdriven reduction of NADP 1 with concomitant production of a proton gradient, which is used to generate ATP. NAPDH and ATP thus produced are consumed during the assimilation and reduction of carbon dioxide to the level of sugar phosphate and the ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis: Source of Acetyl-CoA and
... subunits (ACL-A and ACL-B) are each coded by at least two genes. The single subunit of PDC is coded by two genes (PDC1 and PDC2). ALDH is coded by three genes, two of which (ALDH1 and ALDH3) appear to code for mitochondrial isoenzymes and one (ALDH2) appears to code for a cytosolic isoenzyme. ACS is ...
... subunits (ACL-A and ACL-B) are each coded by at least two genes. The single subunit of PDC is coded by two genes (PDC1 and PDC2). ALDH is coded by three genes, two of which (ALDH1 and ALDH3) appear to code for mitochondrial isoenzymes and one (ALDH2) appears to code for a cytosolic isoenzyme. ACS is ...
respiration in plants
... animals, but was subsequently extended to include the chemical reactions by which complex organic -ve substances like carbohydrates, fats and proteins are broken down to release CO2, water and energy. In plants the problem of definition is slightly different because 1. Breathing movements are not p ...
... animals, but was subsequently extended to include the chemical reactions by which complex organic -ve substances like carbohydrates, fats and proteins are broken down to release CO2, water and energy. In plants the problem of definition is slightly different because 1. Breathing movements are not p ...
27.1 Digestion of Proteins 27.2 Amino Acid Metabolism: An
... interesting molecule: – Chemically, it is a free radical and therefore very reactive. – Biologically, it lowers blood pressure, kills invading bacteria, and enhances memory. – Nitric oxide is synthesized from oxygen and the amino acid arginine. – In blood vessels, NO activates reactions in smooth mu ...
... interesting molecule: – Chemically, it is a free radical and therefore very reactive. – Biologically, it lowers blood pressure, kills invading bacteria, and enhances memory. – Nitric oxide is synthesized from oxygen and the amino acid arginine. – In blood vessels, NO activates reactions in smooth mu ...
Food and Fluid Guidelines Before, During, and After Exercise
... Carbohydrate is the preferred fuel used in exercise. Carbohydrate is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen and a smaller amount of carbohydrate is available in the form of glucose as blood sugar. A workout that is of moderate intensity draws about half of the energy demand from muscle glycogen ...
... Carbohydrate is the preferred fuel used in exercise. Carbohydrate is stored in the liver and muscles as glycogen and a smaller amount of carbohydrate is available in the form of glucose as blood sugar. A workout that is of moderate intensity draws about half of the energy demand from muscle glycogen ...
LIPID METABOLISM BIOSYNTHESIS or DE NOVO SYNTHESIS OF
... Of the 16 carbons present in palmitate, only two come from acetyl CoA directly. The remaining 14 are from malonyl CoA (produced from acetyl CoA). During elongation in microsomes palmitate activated to palmitoyl CoA. Malonyl Co serves as the donor of two carbons at a time in series of reactions. Majo ...
... Of the 16 carbons present in palmitate, only two come from acetyl CoA directly. The remaining 14 are from malonyl CoA (produced from acetyl CoA). During elongation in microsomes palmitate activated to palmitoyl CoA. Malonyl Co serves as the donor of two carbons at a time in series of reactions. Majo ...
Summary of Chapter 24
... Argininosuccinate → Arg + Fumarate 5. Hydrolysis of Arg to urea and ornitine by arginase Arg + H2O → Urea + Ornitine • Overall reaction uses 4 “high energy” phosphate bond hydrolysis. CO2 + NH3 + Asp + 2H2O + 3ATP → Urea + Fumarate + 2ADP + AMP + 2Pi + PPi (→ 2Pi) • Oxidation of urea cycle produces ...
... Argininosuccinate → Arg + Fumarate 5. Hydrolysis of Arg to urea and ornitine by arginase Arg + H2O → Urea + Ornitine • Overall reaction uses 4 “high energy” phosphate bond hydrolysis. CO2 + NH3 + Asp + 2H2O + 3ATP → Urea + Fumarate + 2ADP + AMP + 2Pi + PPi (→ 2Pi) • Oxidation of urea cycle produces ...
Basal metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. (McNab, B. K. 1997). On the Utility of Uniformity in the Definition of Basal Rate of Metabolism. Physiol. Zool. Vol.70; Metabolism refers to the processes that the body needs to function. Basal Metabolic Rate is the amount of energy expressed in calories that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest. Some of those processes are breathing, blood circulation, controlling body temperature, cell growth, brain and nerve function, and contraction of muscles. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) affects the rate that a person burns calories and ultimately whether you maintain, gain, or lose weight. Your basal metabolic rate accounts for about 60 to 75% of the calories you burn every day. It is influenced by several factors.