Ketone Bodies, Potential Therapeutic Uses
... Ketosis, meaning elevation of D -¯-hydroxybutyrate (R-3hydroxybutyrate) and acetoacetate, has been central to starving man’s survival by providing nonglucose substrate to his evolutionarily hypertrophied brain, sparing muscle from destruction for glucose synthesis. Surprisingly, D -¯-hydroxybutyrate ...
... Ketosis, meaning elevation of D -¯-hydroxybutyrate (R-3hydroxybutyrate) and acetoacetate, has been central to starving man’s survival by providing nonglucose substrate to his evolutionarily hypertrophied brain, sparing muscle from destruction for glucose synthesis. Surprisingly, D -¯-hydroxybutyrate ...
Regulation of carbohydrate metabolism Intracellular - Rose
... relative amounts of NADPH and NADP, because these compounds regulate the control enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Finally, glycogen is relatively unimportant in most “normal cells”. In those cells that do produce glycogen, net synthesis occurs if the cellular energy levels are high (as ind ...
... relative amounts of NADPH and NADP, because these compounds regulate the control enzyme, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Finally, glycogen is relatively unimportant in most “normal cells”. In those cells that do produce glycogen, net synthesis occurs if the cellular energy levels are high (as ind ...
Metabolic Minimap article
... change conformation; L changes to T (after binding ADP and phosphate), T to O, and O to L (after releasing ATP). The new L site then binds new ADP and phosphate and begins a new reaction sequence. One complete revolution of F0 therefore results in the formation of 3 ATP, one from each of the -subun ...
... change conformation; L changes to T (after binding ADP and phosphate), T to O, and O to L (after releasing ATP). The new L site then binds new ADP and phosphate and begins a new reaction sequence. One complete revolution of F0 therefore results in the formation of 3 ATP, one from each of the -subun ...
Exam 4 KEY
... 16. (5 pts) What is fundamentally different about the metabolic diseases albinism and phenylketonuria (PKU) with regard to the underlying cause of the disease symptoms in terms of substrates and products of the affected enzymatic reaction? Albinism is due to lack of the reaction product (pigments ar ...
... 16. (5 pts) What is fundamentally different about the metabolic diseases albinism and phenylketonuria (PKU) with regard to the underlying cause of the disease symptoms in terms of substrates and products of the affected enzymatic reaction? Albinism is due to lack of the reaction product (pigments ar ...
High Energy compounds
... • Three enzymatic systems and their substrates have been found to be functional for the synthesis of phosphoarginine and phosphocreatine from ATP. They are: phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase and oxidative phosphorylation in association with arginine kinase and creatine kinase respectively • ...
... • Three enzymatic systems and their substrates have been found to be functional for the synthesis of phosphoarginine and phosphocreatine from ATP. They are: phosphoglycerate kinase, pyruvate kinase and oxidative phosphorylation in association with arginine kinase and creatine kinase respectively • ...
a PowerPoint Presentation of Module 32
... The Body Talks Back to the Brain Hormones travel from various organs of the body to the brain (the hypothalamus) to convey messages that increase or decrease appetite. ...
... The Body Talks Back to the Brain Hormones travel from various organs of the body to the brain (the hypothalamus) to convey messages that increase or decrease appetite. ...
rll 24.5 The citric ocid cycle
... This is what happens in the citric acid cycle: 1. Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetatecombine to form citrate. 2. Citric acid eventually loses two carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. The carbons in the two molecules of carbon dioxide are not the same carbons that entered the citric acid cycle as acetyl groups of ...
... This is what happens in the citric acid cycle: 1. Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetatecombine to form citrate. 2. Citric acid eventually loses two carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. The carbons in the two molecules of carbon dioxide are not the same carbons that entered the citric acid cycle as acetyl groups of ...
Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
... that makes its own food. For example, during photosynthesis plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars. Autotrophs are also called producers. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food, such as humans, meaning "other eaters." Heterotrophs are also cal ...
... that makes its own food. For example, during photosynthesis plants use the sun's energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars. Autotrophs are also called producers. Heterotrophs are organisms that cannot make their own food, such as humans, meaning "other eaters." Heterotrophs are also cal ...
Metabolism - Catabolism of Proteins & Fats Lecture PowerPoint
... Cellular Respiration animation by Jay Phelan, “What is Life? A ...
... Cellular Respiration animation by Jay Phelan, “What is Life? A ...
Metabolic flexibility and carnitine flux: The role of carnitine
... muscle, CrAT converts excessive acetylCoA to acetylcarnitine and promotes its mitochondrial and cellular efflux (Figure 1a). However, in CrAT-deficient muscle, acetyl-CoA was not converted to its permeable form and was not excreted from mitochondria or cells. This led to the overaccumulation of acetyl ...
... muscle, CrAT converts excessive acetylCoA to acetylcarnitine and promotes its mitochondrial and cellular efflux (Figure 1a). However, in CrAT-deficient muscle, acetyl-CoA was not converted to its permeable form and was not excreted from mitochondria or cells. This led to the overaccumulation of acetyl ...
APcarbonandmacromols2015 16
... Chemistry of Life Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds C atoms are versatile building blocks bonding properties 4 stable covalent bonds ...
... Chemistry of Life Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds C atoms are versatile building blocks bonding properties 4 stable covalent bonds ...
Microbial Metabolism
... • Several pathways by which a cell can break down a sugar (sugars are the major substrates of catabolic energy releasing reactions used in heterotrophic metabolism). • Glycolytic pathways are typically anoxic processes that do not require oxygen ...
... • Several pathways by which a cell can break down a sugar (sugars are the major substrates of catabolic energy releasing reactions used in heterotrophic metabolism). • Glycolytic pathways are typically anoxic processes that do not require oxygen ...
Cellular respiration
... So energy is released when you go from high to low energy state. Energy is used to pump protons across the inner membrane of mitochondria. Krebs cycle occurs in matrix. So in matrix you have a lot of NADH and FADH2.When they oxidize (lose electrons) to NAD and electrons keep transferring from one mo ...
... So energy is released when you go from high to low energy state. Energy is used to pump protons across the inner membrane of mitochondria. Krebs cycle occurs in matrix. So in matrix you have a lot of NADH and FADH2.When they oxidize (lose electrons) to NAD and electrons keep transferring from one mo ...
Acid – Base Physiology
... similar (they are said to “titrate” each other), though there is a slight excess of H+ secreted and excreted. This is not as H+, but rather complexing with other buffers such as phosphate or ammonia to be excreted. In metabolic alkalosis, the filtered bicarbonate exceeds the secreted H+, and therefo ...
... similar (they are said to “titrate” each other), though there is a slight excess of H+ secreted and excreted. This is not as H+, but rather complexing with other buffers such as phosphate or ammonia to be excreted. In metabolic alkalosis, the filtered bicarbonate exceeds the secreted H+, and therefo ...
Key area 2 * Cellular respiration
... • ATP comes from the breakdown of food – usually glucose Remember the equation Glucose + Oxygen ---- > ATP + carbon dioxide + water ...
... • ATP comes from the breakdown of food – usually glucose Remember the equation Glucose + Oxygen ---- > ATP + carbon dioxide + water ...
Application of stable isotopes and mass isotopomer distribution
... ruminants) dominated intakes or absorption (ruminants) of these species. The last point we would like to make is the importance of administering the [U-13C] compound (e.g., glucose, nucleic acids, fatty acids, amino acids) for a sufficient period to allow 13C to enter into and return from the variou ...
... ruminants) dominated intakes or absorption (ruminants) of these species. The last point we would like to make is the importance of administering the [U-13C] compound (e.g., glucose, nucleic acids, fatty acids, amino acids) for a sufficient period to allow 13C to enter into and return from the variou ...
KEY Glycolysis True or false. If false, indicate why 1. ____F___
... ____F___ ATP is broken down to 34 ADP + 34 P in oxidative phosphorylation ...
... ____F___ ATP is broken down to 34 ADP + 34 P in oxidative phosphorylation ...
L12_FAS
... reduction/dehydration/reduction steps, moving the fatty acid to the right site and finally releasing it as FA-CoA ...
... reduction/dehydration/reduction steps, moving the fatty acid to the right site and finally releasing it as FA-CoA ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... from the air (or water) and release carbon dioxide. Exchange occurs in lungs (or gills). ...
... from the air (or water) and release carbon dioxide. Exchange occurs in lungs (or gills). ...
Cell respiration Practice
... • Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter the fermentation process. Energy from the NADH molecules is used to convert pyruvate into lactic acid. NADH molecules are converted into NAD+ molecules that are recycled to glycolysis to pick up more electrons. This type of fermenta ...
... • Lactic acid fermentation: Pyruvate and NADH from glycolysis enter the fermentation process. Energy from the NADH molecules is used to convert pyruvate into lactic acid. NADH molecules are converted into NAD+ molecules that are recycled to glycolysis to pick up more electrons. This type of fermenta ...
Covalent Inhibition
... o The enzyme-substrate binding energy is used to immobilize the substrate at the active site and hold it next to the catalytic groups. This binding energy is inherently available for use but it is generally not utilized in uncatalyzed reactions. Enzyme Kinetics ...
... o The enzyme-substrate binding energy is used to immobilize the substrate at the active site and hold it next to the catalytic groups. This binding energy is inherently available for use but it is generally not utilized in uncatalyzed reactions. Enzyme Kinetics ...
Study Guide for Lecture Examination 3
... chain) into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion diffuse back through the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix. The only places in the membrane at which the protons are allowed back through ...
... chain) into the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion diffuse back through the inner membrane into the mitochondrial matrix. The only places in the membrane at which the protons are allowed back through ...
Basal metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. (McNab, B. K. 1997). On the Utility of Uniformity in the Definition of Basal Rate of Metabolism. Physiol. Zool. Vol.70; Metabolism refers to the processes that the body needs to function. Basal Metabolic Rate is the amount of energy expressed in calories that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest. Some of those processes are breathing, blood circulation, controlling body temperature, cell growth, brain and nerve function, and contraction of muscles. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) affects the rate that a person burns calories and ultimately whether you maintain, gain, or lose weight. Your basal metabolic rate accounts for about 60 to 75% of the calories you burn every day. It is influenced by several factors.