Pyruvate Oxidation and the Krebs Cycle
... ● step 5:Succinyl CoA(4-C) is converted to succinate (4C). ATP is formed by substrate level phosphorylation, and coenzyme A is released. ● step 6: Succinate (4-C) is converted to fumarate (4-C). Two hydrogen atoms reduce FAD to FADH2. ● step 7: Fumarate (4-C) is converted to malate (4-C). ● step 8: ...
... ● step 5:Succinyl CoA(4-C) is converted to succinate (4C). ATP is formed by substrate level phosphorylation, and coenzyme A is released. ● step 6: Succinate (4-C) is converted to fumarate (4-C). Two hydrogen atoms reduce FAD to FADH2. ● step 7: Fumarate (4-C) is converted to malate (4-C). ● step 8: ...
Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
... There are factors that can affect an enzyme: 1. Temperature Each enzyme has an optimal temperature range. At low temperatures the enzyme works slowly At high temps they may denature (break down) and not work correctly. ...
... There are factors that can affect an enzyme: 1. Temperature Each enzyme has an optimal temperature range. At low temperatures the enzyme works slowly At high temps they may denature (break down) and not work correctly. ...
Chapter 14 Lipid and Amino Acid Metabolism
... • Body stores of glycogen are depleted after only a few hours of fasting, which requires fatty acids stored in triglycerides to be used as energy sources. – Even when glycogen supplies are adequate, resting muscle and liver cells use energy from triglycerides because this conserves glycogen stores a ...
... • Body stores of glycogen are depleted after only a few hours of fasting, which requires fatty acids stored in triglycerides to be used as energy sources. – Even when glycogen supplies are adequate, resting muscle and liver cells use energy from triglycerides because this conserves glycogen stores a ...
Uncoupling effect of fatty acids on heart muscle
... of Pll~sico-Ci~er,ricaI Biology. Moscow State Uttiwrsity, Moscow USSR, ‘Siptu- Tall, Potncsia, Ronru. Italy and ‘ltrstitutc of Gcrrcral Patlrolqy. ...
... of Pll~sico-Ci~er,ricaI Biology. Moscow State Uttiwrsity, Moscow USSR, ‘Siptu- Tall, Potncsia, Ronru. Italy and ‘ltrstitutc of Gcrrcral Patlrolqy. ...
Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation: The Basics
... In the presence of respiratory acidosis the kidneys compensate for the fall in pH by excreting H+ ions and retaining HCO3- ions. As a result, pH rises towards normal and HCO3concentration rises above normal. Renal compensation (also called metabolic compensation) to respiratory acidosis is a slow pr ...
... In the presence of respiratory acidosis the kidneys compensate for the fall in pH by excreting H+ ions and retaining HCO3- ions. As a result, pH rises towards normal and HCO3concentration rises above normal. Renal compensation (also called metabolic compensation) to respiratory acidosis is a slow pr ...
Lipids (lec 1, 2, 3)..
... Formed only from fatty acid and alcohol. The most common type is neutral fat. Neutral fats: the most important and most abundant group of fats in nature. They may be fats or oils which have the same chemical structure and same chemical properties, but differ in the state at room temperature, fats ar ...
... Formed only from fatty acid and alcohol. The most common type is neutral fat. Neutral fats: the most important and most abundant group of fats in nature. They may be fats or oils which have the same chemical structure and same chemical properties, but differ in the state at room temperature, fats ar ...
25-2 Carbohydrate Metabolism
... amounts of ATP that are significant only under unusual conditions. Aerobic Metabolism (in mitochondria) ...
... amounts of ATP that are significant only under unusual conditions. Aerobic Metabolism (in mitochondria) ...
oxidize
... Catabolic pathways and ATP production • Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down large molecules into smaller ones • The energy is potential energy in the form of the chemical bonds which hold these large molecules together • This energy is used phosphorylate ADP to make ATP (and it also ...
... Catabolic pathways and ATP production • Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down large molecules into smaller ones • The energy is potential energy in the form of the chemical bonds which hold these large molecules together • This energy is used phosphorylate ADP to make ATP (and it also ...
Chemistry in Biology
... 2. Glycogen: similar to starch but stored in animals; also made of many glucose molecules. • The liver converts glycogen to glucose ...
... 2. Glycogen: similar to starch but stored in animals; also made of many glucose molecules. • The liver converts glycogen to glucose ...
Enzymes - Michael P. Ready
... kcat/Km • At low substrate concentrations, the Michaelismenten equation reduces to v = (kcat/Km)*[Etotal][S] • i.e. at low [S], [E] ~ [Etotal] and Km + [S] ~ Km. • kcat/Km is thus a rate constant and as such is a measure of catalytic efficiency. ...
... kcat/Km • At low substrate concentrations, the Michaelismenten equation reduces to v = (kcat/Km)*[Etotal][S] • i.e. at low [S], [E] ~ [Etotal] and Km + [S] ~ Km. • kcat/Km is thus a rate constant and as such is a measure of catalytic efficiency. ...
24.t Glycolysis
... The enzSrmeuses NAD+ as a cofactor. The NAD+ is reduced to NADH-it receives two electrons and a proton from the aldehyde substrate-in the course of the reaction.The new phosphoryl group of the organic product comes from inorganic phosphate ions present in the cytoplasm, so no ATP is expended here. I ...
... The enzSrmeuses NAD+ as a cofactor. The NAD+ is reduced to NADH-it receives two electrons and a proton from the aldehyde substrate-in the course of the reaction.The new phosphoryl group of the organic product comes from inorganic phosphate ions present in the cytoplasm, so no ATP is expended here. I ...
Engineering primary metabolic pathways of industrial
... genes that confer a prominent phenotype when the responsible mutation(s) are anywhere on the genome, but not at the place of the coding gene itself. For example, over-expression of certain sigma factors enhanced protein production in stationary phase (Weikert et al., 2000). Screening of libraries to ...
... genes that confer a prominent phenotype when the responsible mutation(s) are anywhere on the genome, but not at the place of the coding gene itself. For example, over-expression of certain sigma factors enhanced protein production in stationary phase (Weikert et al., 2000). Screening of libraries to ...
Michael Wong
... Vmax and Km parameters need to be calculated to compare two compounds Vmax is the maximum velocity of the reaction at saturating substrate concentrations Km is the substrate concentration at which the rate is half of Vmax ...
... Vmax and Km parameters need to be calculated to compare two compounds Vmax is the maximum velocity of the reaction at saturating substrate concentrations Km is the substrate concentration at which the rate is half of Vmax ...
Name
... The light reactions require light to remove an electron from water to make oxygen in Photosystem II, then use the energy to create a proton gradient that is used to generate ATP, then use additional light to re-excite the electron in photosystem I and ultimately create NADPH. These reactions stop in ...
... The light reactions require light to remove an electron from water to make oxygen in Photosystem II, then use the energy to create a proton gradient that is used to generate ATP, then use additional light to re-excite the electron in photosystem I and ultimately create NADPH. These reactions stop in ...
energy - Bide Sport
... – L-carnitine plays a role in the normal transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria (energy supply) – Chromium supports the macronutrient metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and protein and the maintenance of the normal blood ...
... – L-carnitine plays a role in the normal transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria (energy supply) – Chromium supports the macronutrient metabolism of carbohydrates, fat and protein and the maintenance of the normal blood ...
cellular respiration
... • Organic molecules store energy in their arrangement of atoms. • Enzymes catalyze the systematic degradation of organic molecules that are rich in energy to simpler waste products with less energy. • Some of the released energy is used to do work and the rest is dissipated as heat. ...
... • Organic molecules store energy in their arrangement of atoms. • Enzymes catalyze the systematic degradation of organic molecules that are rich in energy to simpler waste products with less energy. • Some of the released energy is used to do work and the rest is dissipated as heat. ...
MCAT 2015
... Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP o ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 o ATP group transfers Biological oxidation-‐reduction o Half-‐reactions o Soluble electron carriers o Flavoproteins ...
... Phosphoryl group transfers and ATP o ATP hydrolysis ΔG << 0 o ATP group transfers Biological oxidation-‐reduction o Half-‐reactions o Soluble electron carriers o Flavoproteins ...
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... endoplasmic reticulum after disruption of cells by centrifugation, enzymes present in microsomes are called microsomal ...
... endoplasmic reticulum after disruption of cells by centrifugation, enzymes present in microsomes are called microsomal ...
Which of the following statements about saliva is NOT true
... 2. Draw comparative plasma glucose concentration vs time curves for the 3hr period following consumption of two meals. Meal 1 contained 100g starch and Meal 2 contained 100g starch, 100 g protein, and 100g fat. Provide a justification for why these curves are the same or different. Meal 1: Starch on ...
... 2. Draw comparative plasma glucose concentration vs time curves for the 3hr period following consumption of two meals. Meal 1 contained 100g starch and Meal 2 contained 100g starch, 100 g protein, and 100g fat. Provide a justification for why these curves are the same or different. Meal 1: Starch on ...
3. What is the empirical formula of a compound that is
... Chemical formulas are ratios of atoms or moles of atoms. To solve a chemical analysis problem you must convert mass percent of each element to a molar ratio of each element. Step 1 Assume your unknown sample has a mass of 100 grams. ...
... Chemical formulas are ratios of atoms or moles of atoms. To solve a chemical analysis problem you must convert mass percent of each element to a molar ratio of each element. Step 1 Assume your unknown sample has a mass of 100 grams. ...
Fluids & Electrolytes and Nutrition
... Crystalloids first, initial bolus 20mL/kg (1-2L), may be repeated, usually NS or LR If they have transient response, give additional fluids Once 3-4 liters of crystalloid has been given consider blood Current recommendations in hemorrhagic shock from trauma, transfuse 1:1 PRBC:FFP (previously, and f ...
... Crystalloids first, initial bolus 20mL/kg (1-2L), may be repeated, usually NS or LR If they have transient response, give additional fluids Once 3-4 liters of crystalloid has been given consider blood Current recommendations in hemorrhagic shock from trauma, transfuse 1:1 PRBC:FFP (previously, and f ...
Basal metabolic rate
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the minimal rate of energy expenditure per unit time by endothermic animals at rest. (McNab, B. K. 1997). On the Utility of Uniformity in the Definition of Basal Rate of Metabolism. Physiol. Zool. Vol.70; Metabolism refers to the processes that the body needs to function. Basal Metabolic Rate is the amount of energy expressed in calories that a person needs to keep the body functioning at rest. Some of those processes are breathing, blood circulation, controlling body temperature, cell growth, brain and nerve function, and contraction of muscles. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) affects the rate that a person burns calories and ultimately whether you maintain, gain, or lose weight. Your basal metabolic rate accounts for about 60 to 75% of the calories you burn every day. It is influenced by several factors.