Coevolution theory of the genetic code at age thirty
... between an encoded amino acid and its anticodons or codons determined their specific associations in the genetic code.(15–22) Amino acid biosynthesis. The formation of amino acids by biosynthetic pathways guided the development of the genetic code.(23–42) Expanding codons. Initially not all the trip ...
... between an encoded amino acid and its anticodons or codons determined their specific associations in the genetic code.(15–22) Amino acid biosynthesis. The formation of amino acids by biosynthetic pathways guided the development of the genetic code.(23–42) Expanding codons. Initially not all the trip ...
Journal of Bacteriology
... cannot be separated from the monopeptide by chromatography. The yield of precursors was determined by the method of Reissig et al. (18). Isolation of radioactive precursors. Parental strains and mutants were grown and incubated in 2 ml of CWSM-I at 42 C as described elsewhere (Lugtenberg and de Haan ...
... cannot be separated from the monopeptide by chromatography. The yield of precursors was determined by the method of Reissig et al. (18). Isolation of radioactive precursors. Parental strains and mutants were grown and incubated in 2 ml of CWSM-I at 42 C as described elsewhere (Lugtenberg and de Haan ...
Pentose phosphates in nucleoside interconversion and catabolism
... 1952 [40], is present in Lactobacillus species, which are devoid of nucleoside phosphorylases and hence cannot degrade or synthesize deoxyribonucleosides phosphorolytically. As they also often have a growth requirement for deoxynucleosides, it is important that these compounds are not degraded when ...
... 1952 [40], is present in Lactobacillus species, which are devoid of nucleoside phosphorylases and hence cannot degrade or synthesize deoxyribonucleosides phosphorolytically. As they also often have a growth requirement for deoxynucleosides, it is important that these compounds are not degraded when ...
Understanding fatty acid synthesis in developing - Shachar
... Smith et al., 1992; Kleppinger-Sparace et al., 1992; Neuhaus et al., 1993; Kang and Rawsthorne, 1996). The ATP necessary for fatty acid synthesis in non-photosynthetic tissues can be produced inside the plastid during the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from glucose 6-P and PEP (Boyle et al., 1990; Klepping ...
... Smith et al., 1992; Kleppinger-Sparace et al., 1992; Neuhaus et al., 1993; Kang and Rawsthorne, 1996). The ATP necessary for fatty acid synthesis in non-photosynthetic tissues can be produced inside the plastid during the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from glucose 6-P and PEP (Boyle et al., 1990; Klepping ...
The “One-Bead-One-Compound” Combinatorial Library Method
... M.S. degree in organic chemistry in 1974 from Technical University of Chemical Technology, Prague. In 1974 he joined Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and under the supervision of Dr. Jost he obtained his Ph.D. degree in 1978. He continued workin ...
... M.S. degree in organic chemistry in 1974 from Technical University of Chemical Technology, Prague. In 1974 he joined Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences and under the supervision of Dr. Jost he obtained his Ph.D. degree in 1978. He continued workin ...
NUCLEOTIDES Occurrence Nucleotides are present in all types of
... Nucleosides are named as derivatives of bases. For example, adenine linked to ribose is called as adenosine. Capital letter A is used to indicate adenine containing nucleoside. If adenine is linked to deoxyribose then it is named as deoxy adenosine and it is abbreviated as dA. Base Nucleosides Abbre ...
... Nucleosides are named as derivatives of bases. For example, adenine linked to ribose is called as adenosine. Capital letter A is used to indicate adenine containing nucleoside. If adenine is linked to deoxyribose then it is named as deoxy adenosine and it is abbreviated as dA. Base Nucleosides Abbre ...
File
... urea cycle will result in death shortly after birth. • However, deficiencies in each of the enzymes of the urea cycle, including N-acetylglutamate synthase, have been identified. • These disorders are referred to as urea cycle disorders or UCDs. • Take your time read on UCDs ...
... urea cycle will result in death shortly after birth. • However, deficiencies in each of the enzymes of the urea cycle, including N-acetylglutamate synthase, have been identified. • These disorders are referred to as urea cycle disorders or UCDs. • Take your time read on UCDs ...
Metabolism of Macromolecules in Bacteria Treated
... period. The rapidity of virginiamycin action was emphasized by slowing down the growth rate using auxotrophs grown in low amino acid medium. Under these conditions the inhibition by 2.5 pg. of M or S factors was more than 80% within 5 min. and amino acid incorporation was virtually halted within 1/2 ...
... period. The rapidity of virginiamycin action was emphasized by slowing down the growth rate using auxotrophs grown in low amino acid medium. Under these conditions the inhibition by 2.5 pg. of M or S factors was more than 80% within 5 min. and amino acid incorporation was virtually halted within 1/2 ...
Full-Text PDF
... here is the successful conversion of glucose-1- phosphate into glucose 1, 6-di-phosphate under mild conditions. The mechanism was clarified by the use of 14C labeled reactions which showed that the glucose-1- phosphate was capable of being converted into di-phosphate and that cyanogen must be respon ...
... here is the successful conversion of glucose-1- phosphate into glucose 1, 6-di-phosphate under mild conditions. The mechanism was clarified by the use of 14C labeled reactions which showed that the glucose-1- phosphate was capable of being converted into di-phosphate and that cyanogen must be respon ...
Fritz Lipmann - National Academy of Sciences
... that the creatine phosphate in muscle represented a reservoir of phosphoryl groups that could feed into ATP. It was found later that the energy released in glycolysis is used to form 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, phosphoenolpyruvate and creatine phosphate. These compounds have very large and favourabl ...
... that the creatine phosphate in muscle represented a reservoir of phosphoryl groups that could feed into ATP. It was found later that the energy released in glycolysis is used to form 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid, phosphoenolpyruvate and creatine phosphate. These compounds have very large and favourabl ...
Pentose Phosphate Shunt
... So Palmitate and all other reduced fatty acids require the oxidation of NADPH to NADP+. Oxidation is the opposite of reduction. If something is reduced then something else must be oxidized. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH in the pentose phosphate pathway ...
... So Palmitate and all other reduced fatty acids require the oxidation of NADPH to NADP+. Oxidation is the opposite of reduction. If something is reduced then something else must be oxidized. NADP+ is reduced to NADPH in the pentose phosphate pathway ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... The transferase transfers 3 glucose residues from a 4-residue limit branch to the end of another branch, reducing the limit branch to a single glucose residue. ...
... The transferase transfers 3 glucose residues from a 4-residue limit branch to the end of another branch, reducing the limit branch to a single glucose residue. ...
kinetic characterisation of catalysts for methanol synthesis
... Nowadays Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst is commonly used in chemical industry to produce methanol. The catalyst is produced in the shape of Raschig rings or tablets. The company Johnson Matthey produces a catalyst called KATALCO which is the standard of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3. A new generation of catalysts also based ...
... Nowadays Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst is commonly used in chemical industry to produce methanol. The catalyst is produced in the shape of Raschig rings or tablets. The company Johnson Matthey produces a catalyst called KATALCO which is the standard of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3. A new generation of catalysts also based ...
Gluconeogenesis
... There is no gluconeogenesis from fatty acids except the rare ones with odd number of carbons that have a minute contribution to the synthesis of glucose. Fatty acids contribute to the fasting organism with ATP through β-oxidation and oxidation of ketone bodies in the Krebs cycle. Ketone bodies only ...
... There is no gluconeogenesis from fatty acids except the rare ones with odd number of carbons that have a minute contribution to the synthesis of glucose. Fatty acids contribute to the fasting organism with ATP through β-oxidation and oxidation of ketone bodies in the Krebs cycle. Ketone bodies only ...
The Effect of Antibiotics on Synthesis of Mucopeptide
... was incorporated in substantial quantities, even though it was not required to produce a turbidity increment (Wilkinson & White, I 969). Autoradiography of the hydrolysed mucopeptides showed only one fogged area of film corresponding to the radioactively labelled amino acid supplied. Teichoic acid s ...
... was incorporated in substantial quantities, even though it was not required to produce a turbidity increment (Wilkinson & White, I 969). Autoradiography of the hydrolysed mucopeptides showed only one fogged area of film corresponding to the radioactively labelled amino acid supplied. Teichoic acid s ...
PLP-dependent Enzymes: a Powerful Tool for - Beilstein
... Nowadays, more than a hundred crystal structures of PLP-dependent enzymes, most of them solved in the last 5 years, are accessible from databases. Catalytic versatility and promiscuity Enzymes are generally believed to be very specific in their action, i. e. to be endowed with a strict reaction and ...
... Nowadays, more than a hundred crystal structures of PLP-dependent enzymes, most of them solved in the last 5 years, are accessible from databases. Catalytic versatility and promiscuity Enzymes are generally believed to be very specific in their action, i. e. to be endowed with a strict reaction and ...
Full-Text PDF
... would have eventually led to the recognition of specific amino acids by RNAs predating the emergence of peptide synthesis [18] and initiating the above-mentioned “stereochemical era” of amino acid-anticodon interactions, which was not immediately related to code evolution. At this stage, (ribo)synth ...
... would have eventually led to the recognition of specific amino acids by RNAs predating the emergence of peptide synthesis [18] and initiating the above-mentioned “stereochemical era” of amino acid-anticodon interactions, which was not immediately related to code evolution. At this stage, (ribo)synth ...
Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase: a tunnel runs through it Hazel M
... subunit active site, towards the surface of the carboxyphosphate synthetic component and is lined, for the most part, with nonreactive sidechains and backbone atoms. Amino acid residues lying within 3.5 A of the center of the putative pathway in the small subunit include Ser35, Met36, Gly293, Ala309 ...
... subunit active site, towards the surface of the carboxyphosphate synthetic component and is lined, for the most part, with nonreactive sidechains and backbone atoms. Amino acid residues lying within 3.5 A of the center of the putative pathway in the small subunit include Ser35, Met36, Gly293, Ala309 ...
No Slide Title
... General strategy for making C-N bonds: C-OH is phosphorylated to generate a good leaving group (phosphate) ...
... General strategy for making C-N bonds: C-OH is phosphorylated to generate a good leaving group (phosphate) ...
STEROIDS, BILE ACIDS, STEROID HORMONES
... CHOLESTEROL FACTS synthesized from acetyl CoA and eliminated as bile acids precursor of all other steroids in the body product of animal metabolism - in foods of animal origin amphipathic lipid (hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions) storage form is cholesterol ester found in most tissues. ...
... CHOLESTEROL FACTS synthesized from acetyl CoA and eliminated as bile acids precursor of all other steroids in the body product of animal metabolism - in foods of animal origin amphipathic lipid (hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions) storage form is cholesterol ester found in most tissues. ...
2. Lect. Urea cycle
... monophosphate (AMP) and pyrophosphate. This is the third and final molecule of ATP consumed in the formation of urea. ...
... monophosphate (AMP) and pyrophosphate. This is the third and final molecule of ATP consumed in the formation of urea. ...
Porphyrin Metabolism & Porphyrias
... Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are actually a superfamily of related, heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes that participate in abroad variety of reactions. This system performs different functions in two separate locations in cells. ...
... Cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are actually a superfamily of related, heme-containing monooxygenase enzymes that participate in abroad variety of reactions. This system performs different functions in two separate locations in cells. ...
The urea cycle
... production (the total lack of any cycle enzyme results in death shortly after birth). Rather, the deficient enzyme's substrate builds up, increasing the rate of the deficient reaction to normal. The anomalous substrate buildup is not without cost, however. The substrate concentrations become elevate ...
... production (the total lack of any cycle enzyme results in death shortly after birth). Rather, the deficient enzyme's substrate builds up, increasing the rate of the deficient reaction to normal. The anomalous substrate buildup is not without cost, however. The substrate concentrations become elevate ...
Comparison of the Functional Differences for the Homologous Residues within... Carboxy Phosphate and Carbamate Domains of Carbamoyl Phosphate Synthetase
... was constructed based upon amino acid sequence alignments and the previously determined threedimensional structures of two mechanistically related proteins, biotin carboxylase and D-alanine:D-alanine ligase. The model was tested by mutation of ten amino acid residues predicted to be important for bi ...
... was constructed based upon amino acid sequence alignments and the previously determined threedimensional structures of two mechanistically related proteins, biotin carboxylase and D-alanine:D-alanine ligase. The model was tested by mutation of ten amino acid residues predicted to be important for bi ...
Preparation of Translationally Competent tRNA by Direct Chemical
... acids is not large. Methods for generating orthogonal aaRS/ tRNA pairs that accept unnatural amino acids have been shown to be a viable source of aminoacyl-tRNA. Alternatively, amino acids may be appended to tRNA using chemical synthesis. All strategies have particular advantages and disadvantages, ...
... acids is not large. Methods for generating orthogonal aaRS/ tRNA pairs that accept unnatural amino acids have been shown to be a viable source of aminoacyl-tRNA. Alternatively, amino acids may be appended to tRNA using chemical synthesis. All strategies have particular advantages and disadvantages, ...
Oligonucleotide synthesis
Oligonucleotide synthesis is the chemical synthesis of relatively short fragments of nucleic acids with defined chemical structure (sequence). The technique is extremely useful in current laboratory practice because it provides a rapid and inexpensive access to custom-made oligonucleotides of the desired sequence. Whereas enzymes synthesize DNA and RNA only in a 5' to 3' direction, chemical oligonucleotide synthesis does not suffer from this limitation, although it is, most often, carried out in the opposite, 3' to 5' direction. Currently, the process is implemented as solid-phase synthesis using phosphoramidite method and phosphoramidite building blocks derived from protected 2'-deoxynucleosides (dA, dC, dG, and T), ribonucleosides (A, C, G, and U), or chemically modified nucleosides, e.g. LNA, BNA.To obtain the desired oligonucleotide, the building blocks are sequentially coupled to the growing oligonucleotide chain in the order required by the sequence of the product (see Synthetic cycle below). The process has been fully automated since the late 1970s. Upon the completion of the chain assembly, the product is released from the solid phase to solution, deprotected, and collected. The occurrence of side reactions sets practical limits for the length of synthetic oligonucleotides (up to about 200 nucleotide residues) because the number of errors accumulates with the length of the oligonucleotide being synthesized. Products are often isolated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to obtain the desired oligonucleotides in high purity. Typically, synthetic oligonucleotides are single-stranded DNA or RNA molecules around 15–25 bases in length.Oligonucleotides find a variety of applications in molecular biology and medicine. They are most commonly used as antisense oligonucleotides, small interfering RNA, primers for DNA sequencing and amplification, probes for detecting complementary DNA or RNA via molecular hybridization, tools for the targeted introduction of mutations and restriction sites, and for the synthesis of artificial genes.