Free Amino Acid and Reducing Sugar Composition of Pandan
... This is due to the use of limited heating in this study. The heating condition in this experiment was based on the typical cooking conditions for pandan. Extraction with dichloromethane followed by high vacuum distillation was chosen to isolate volatile compounds to avoid excessive heating. ACPY is ...
... This is due to the use of limited heating in this study. The heating condition in this experiment was based on the typical cooking conditions for pandan. Extraction with dichloromethane followed by high vacuum distillation was chosen to isolate volatile compounds to avoid excessive heating. ACPY is ...
Chapter 16
... Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. ...
... Glycogen is a multibranched polysaccharide of glucose that serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. ...
fulltext
... The activation of D-Glc via UDP-D-Glc pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9) or sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) yields a cytoplasmatic pool of UDPD-Glc which functions, e.g., as a donor of glucose for the synthesis of cellulose and glycogen. UDPD-Glc also serves as a substrate for the synthesis of other nucl ...
... The activation of D-Glc via UDP-D-Glc pyrophosphorylase (EC 2.7.7.9) or sucrose synthase (EC 2.4.1.13) yields a cytoplasmatic pool of UDPD-Glc which functions, e.g., as a donor of glucose for the synthesis of cellulose and glycogen. UDPD-Glc also serves as a substrate for the synthesis of other nucl ...
Structure and Function of Large Bio Molecules
... The covalent bonds that connect monomers in a polymer are disassembled by hydrolysis, a reaction that is effectively the reverse of dehydration. o The process of digestion is an example of hydrolysis within the human body. We take in food as organic polymers that are too large for our cells to abs ...
... The covalent bonds that connect monomers in a polymer are disassembled by hydrolysis, a reaction that is effectively the reverse of dehydration. o The process of digestion is an example of hydrolysis within the human body. We take in food as organic polymers that are too large for our cells to abs ...
Enzyme Mechanisms
... FMN, FAD, some metal ions can be oxidized or reduced one electron at a time With organic cofactors this generally leaves a free radical in each of two places Subsequent reactions get us back to an even number of electrons 11/5/2009 Biochem: Enzymes IV ...
... FMN, FAD, some metal ions can be oxidized or reduced one electron at a time With organic cofactors this generally leaves a free radical in each of two places Subsequent reactions get us back to an even number of electrons 11/5/2009 Biochem: Enzymes IV ...
Chapter 10 Enzymes - Angelo State University
... basis of the reaction which they catalyze. Each enzyme has an unambiguous (and often long) systematic name that specifies the substrate of the enzyme (the substance acted on), the functional group acted on, and the type of reaction catalyzed. All EC names end in –ase. ...
... basis of the reaction which they catalyze. Each enzyme has an unambiguous (and often long) systematic name that specifies the substrate of the enzyme (the substance acted on), the functional group acted on, and the type of reaction catalyzed. All EC names end in –ase. ...
amino acid mixture
... P. D. F A I R C L O U G H , D. B. A. S I L K , M. L. C L A R K , D. M. MATTHBWS,") T. C . MARRS,(I)D. BURSTON")AND K. M. CLEGG(2) Department of Gastroenterology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, (I'Department of Experimental Chemical Pathology, Vincent Square Laboratories. Westminster Hospital, Lo ...
... P. D. F A I R C L O U G H , D. B. A. S I L K , M. L. C L A R K , D. M. MATTHBWS,") T. C . MARRS,(I)D. BURSTON")AND K. M. CLEGG(2) Department of Gastroenterology, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, (I'Department of Experimental Chemical Pathology, Vincent Square Laboratories. Westminster Hospital, Lo ...
Blood Sugar is Stable
... A stable blood glucose level is absolutely essential for normal brain function. The brain can only use glucose or ketone bodies as its fuel. Ketone bodies (acetyl acetate or ß-hydroxybutyrate) cannot replace glucose as the brain's energy source on short notice. About 10-14 days are required to incre ...
... A stable blood glucose level is absolutely essential for normal brain function. The brain can only use glucose or ketone bodies as its fuel. Ketone bodies (acetyl acetate or ß-hydroxybutyrate) cannot replace glucose as the brain's energy source on short notice. About 10-14 days are required to incre ...
design of lupin seeds lactic acid fermentation – changes of
... valuable feedstuffs because of relatively high energy and protein contents and an attractive protein quality. However, they also contain anti-nutritional substances, such as alkaloids, oligosaccharides (e.g. raffinose, stachyose and verbascose) and tannins, which may reduce feed intake and digestibi ...
... valuable feedstuffs because of relatively high energy and protein contents and an attractive protein quality. However, they also contain anti-nutritional substances, such as alkaloids, oligosaccharides (e.g. raffinose, stachyose and verbascose) and tannins, which may reduce feed intake and digestibi ...
1. INTRODUCTION The dried cells of
... factors, the most important of which are nutrient availability, pH, temperature and light. These factors can influence the growth of Spirulina and the composition of the biomass produced by causing changes in metabolism, which considerably modify the time course of the accumulation of the main bioma ...
... factors, the most important of which are nutrient availability, pH, temperature and light. These factors can influence the growth of Spirulina and the composition of the biomass produced by causing changes in metabolism, which considerably modify the time course of the accumulation of the main bioma ...
codex principles and guidelines on foods derived from biotechnology
... and extensive food safety testing procedures, including studies in animals, that are typical of chemicals such as food additives or pesticide residues that may be present in food. 10. The use of animal models for assessing toxicological endpoints is a major element in the risk assessment of many com ...
... and extensive food safety testing procedures, including studies in animals, that are typical of chemicals such as food additives or pesticide residues that may be present in food. 10. The use of animal models for assessing toxicological endpoints is a major element in the risk assessment of many com ...
6_Enzymes - WordPress.com
... of activity through reversible interaction with metabolic inhibitors and activators or through isoenzymes. DEFINITION There are several definitions of the term enzyme. It can be defined as organic catalysts, which are produced in living cells, proteinaceous molecules that can catalyse biochemical re ...
... of activity through reversible interaction with metabolic inhibitors and activators or through isoenzymes. DEFINITION There are several definitions of the term enzyme. It can be defined as organic catalysts, which are produced in living cells, proteinaceous molecules that can catalyse biochemical re ...
Glycogen Metabolism
... Glycogenin is an enzyme that initiates glycogen synthesis by catalyzing the attachment of a glucose molecule to one of its own tyrosine residues. UDP is released as a product Glycogenin then catalyzes glucosylation at C4 of the attached glucose (UDP‐glucose again the donor), to yield an O‐link ...
... Glycogenin is an enzyme that initiates glycogen synthesis by catalyzing the attachment of a glucose molecule to one of its own tyrosine residues. UDP is released as a product Glycogenin then catalyzes glucosylation at C4 of the attached glucose (UDP‐glucose again the donor), to yield an O‐link ...
Chapter 13 (part 1) - University of Nevada, Reno
... • Presence of G-6-Pase in ER of liver and kidney cells makes gluconeogenesis possible • Muscle and brain do not do gluconeogenesis • G-6-P is hydrolyzed as it passes into the ER • ER vesicles filled with glucose diffuse to the plasma membrane, fuse with it and open, releasing glucose into the bloods ...
... • Presence of G-6-Pase in ER of liver and kidney cells makes gluconeogenesis possible • Muscle and brain do not do gluconeogenesis • G-6-P is hydrolyzed as it passes into the ER • ER vesicles filled with glucose diffuse to the plasma membrane, fuse with it and open, releasing glucose into the bloods ...
Preparation of pyruvate for the citric acid cycle Recap 1. We have
... 1. Converts to acetyl CoA (by pyruvate dehydrogenase) for use in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (leads to more ATP production) 2. Converts to oxaloacetate , which can then shuttle into the synthesize glucose (can also be done from lactate) Anaerobic conditions 3. It is converted to Lact ...
... 1. Converts to acetyl CoA (by pyruvate dehydrogenase) for use in the TCA cycle and oxidative phosphorylation (leads to more ATP production) 2. Converts to oxaloacetate , which can then shuttle into the synthesize glucose (can also be done from lactate) Anaerobic conditions 3. It is converted to Lact ...
Whey Products - New Zealand Institute of Chemistry
... Most WPCs contain 5-7% milkfat in the dry powdered product. This fat originated in the milk and is not removed by the cream separators through which the whey passes before ultrafiltration. The most modern WPCs use either microfiltration (like ultrafiltration but using membranes with pores sized at a ...
... Most WPCs contain 5-7% milkfat in the dry powdered product. This fat originated in the milk and is not removed by the cream separators through which the whey passes before ultrafiltration. The most modern WPCs use either microfiltration (like ultrafiltration but using membranes with pores sized at a ...
Accumulation of Carotenoids and Metabolic Profiling in Different
... and flavonoids which are components of Tagetes pigments, are the major bioactive constituents of including terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, and fatty acids [23]. Of these, carotenoids interest [21]. Different tissues of these species have been used in folk medicine for various dis ...
... and flavonoids which are components of Tagetes pigments, are the major bioactive constituents of including terpenoids, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyacetylenes, and fatty acids [23]. Of these, carotenoids interest [21]. Different tissues of these species have been used in folk medicine for various dis ...
Biochemical and physiological bases for utilization
... Protein is quantitatively the most expensive nutrient in swine diets. Hence it is imperative to understand the physiological roles played by amino acids in growth, development, lactation, reproduction, and health of pigs to improve their protein nutrition and reduce the costs of pork production. Due ...
... Protein is quantitatively the most expensive nutrient in swine diets. Hence it is imperative to understand the physiological roles played by amino acids in growth, development, lactation, reproduction, and health of pigs to improve their protein nutrition and reduce the costs of pork production. Due ...
Supplemental Information
... interface was clear, and the aqueous layer was washed once with chloroform. An equal volume of isopropanol was added to the resulting aqueous extract and the mixture was incubated on crushed dry ice 20-30 min prior to centrifugation (20 min, 15,000 x g). The resulting pellet was dissolved in 50 mM ...
... interface was clear, and the aqueous layer was washed once with chloroform. An equal volume of isopropanol was added to the resulting aqueous extract and the mixture was incubated on crushed dry ice 20-30 min prior to centrifugation (20 min, 15,000 x g). The resulting pellet was dissolved in 50 mM ...
Introduction
... Actuality of the theme. Amino acids are organic low-molecular compounds, which are included into the structure of proteins and peptides, and also are in the cells of organism in the free state and take part in metabolism. Physical and chemical properties of amino acids are predetermined by features ...
... Actuality of the theme. Amino acids are organic low-molecular compounds, which are included into the structure of proteins and peptides, and also are in the cells of organism in the free state and take part in metabolism. Physical and chemical properties of amino acids are predetermined by features ...
Inhibition of Serine Amidohydrolases by Complexes of Vanadate
... (Scheme 1) to form inert covalent complexes 2 (3, 4) that are believed to be structural analogs of the transition state of the normal acyl transfer reactions catalyzed by these enzymes (3–5). Phosphonylation of the -lactamase active site by 1 is much faster than spontaneous phosphonate hydrolysis a ...
... (Scheme 1) to form inert covalent complexes 2 (3, 4) that are believed to be structural analogs of the transition state of the normal acyl transfer reactions catalyzed by these enzymes (3–5). Phosphonylation of the -lactamase active site by 1 is much faster than spontaneous phosphonate hydrolysis a ...
Pineapple Juice and Its Fractions in Enzymatic Browning Inhibition
... Many types of fruits, especially bananas, brown rapidly when their tissues are cut or bruised. The brown color is developed due to the enzymatic oxidation of phenols to quinones by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the presence of oxygen. Subsequently, these quinones condense and react nonenzymatically wi ...
... Many types of fruits, especially bananas, brown rapidly when their tissues are cut or bruised. The brown color is developed due to the enzymatic oxidation of phenols to quinones by polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the presence of oxygen. Subsequently, these quinones condense and react nonenzymatically wi ...
Food derived from glufosinate ammonium
... The pat gene is derived from the soil micro-organism Streptomyces viridochromogenes strain Tu494. It codes for the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT), which modifies and inactivates the herbicide glufosinate ammonium (Strauch et al, 1988). The pat gene is often used as a selectable mar ...
... The pat gene is derived from the soil micro-organism Streptomyces viridochromogenes strain Tu494. It codes for the enzyme phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT), which modifies and inactivates the herbicide glufosinate ammonium (Strauch et al, 1988). The pat gene is often used as a selectable mar ...
finalglycogen (2)
... Glycogen is homopolysaccharide formed of branched α-DGLUCOSE units (α1,4and α1,6) each branch is made of 6-12 glucose units , at the branching point the chain is attached by 1-6 link ...
... Glycogen is homopolysaccharide formed of branched α-DGLUCOSE units (α1,4and α1,6) each branch is made of 6-12 glucose units , at the branching point the chain is attached by 1-6 link ...
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
... Co. Deionized water was used throughout. Sample Preparation. Whole mature seeds of amaranth [Amaranthus (A). caudatus (cau) and A. hypochondriacus (hyp)] and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) were investigated. Amaranth and quinoa were ground in a mill with a 60-mesh screen and defatted in a Soxhlet extra ...
... Co. Deionized water was used throughout. Sample Preparation. Whole mature seeds of amaranth [Amaranthus (A). caudatus (cau) and A. hypochondriacus (hyp)] and quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) were investigated. Amaranth and quinoa were ground in a mill with a 60-mesh screen and defatted in a Soxhlet extra ...
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water-soluble food molecules so that they can be absorbed into the watery blood plasma. In certain organisms, these smaller substances are absorbed through the small intestine into the blood stream. Digestion is a form of catabolism that is often divided into two processes based on how food is broken down: mechanical and chemical digestion. The term mechanical digestion refers to the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces which can subsequently be accessed by digestive enzymes. In chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into the small molecules the body can use.In the human digestive system, food enters the mouth and mechanical digestion of the food starts by the action of mastication (chewing), a form of mechanical digestion, and the wetting contact of saliva. Saliva, a liquid secreted by the salivary glands, contains salivary amylase, an enzyme which starts the digestion of starch in the food; the saliva also contains mucus, which lubricates the food, and hydrogen carbonate, which provides the ideal conditions of pH (alkaline) for amylase to work. After undergoing mastication and starch digestion, the food will be in the form of a small, round slurry mass called a bolus. It will then travel down the esophagus and into the stomach by the action of peristalsis. Gastric juice in the stomach starts protein digestion. Gastric juice mainly contains hydrochloric acid and pepsin. As these two chemicals may damage the stomach wall, mucus is secreted by the stomach, providing a slimy layer that acts as a shield against the damaging effects of the chemicals. At the same time protein digestion is occurring, mechanical mixing occurs by peristalsis, which is waves of muscular contractions that move along the stomach wall. This allows the mass of food to further mix with the digestive enzymes.After some time (typically 1–2 hours in humans, 4–6 hours in dogs, 3–4 hours in house cats), the resulting thick liquid is called chyme. When the pyloric sphincter valve opens, chyme enters the duodenum where it mixes with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile juice from the liver and then passes through the small intestine, in which digestion continues. When the chyme is fully digested, it is absorbed into the blood. 95% of absorption of nutrients occurs in the small intestine. Water and minerals are reabsorbed back into the blood in the colon (large intestine) where the pH is slightly acidic about 5.6 ~ 6.9. Some vitamins, such as biotin and vitamin K (K2MK7) produced by bacteria in the colon are also absorbed into the blood in the colon. Waste material is eliminated from the rectum during defecation.