The Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules
... of life. In the structure of glucose, we can see the trademarks of a sugar: The molecule has a carbonyl group (C⫽O) and multiple hydroxyl groups (—OH) (Figure 5.3). Depending on the location of the carbonyl group, a sugar is either an aldose (aldehyde sugar) or a ketose (ketone sugar). Glucose, for ...
... of life. In the structure of glucose, we can see the trademarks of a sugar: The molecule has a carbonyl group (C⫽O) and multiple hydroxyl groups (—OH) (Figure 5.3). Depending on the location of the carbonyl group, a sugar is either an aldose (aldehyde sugar) or a ketose (ketone sugar). Glucose, for ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
... three stage - Organic fuel molecules are oxidized to yield twocarbon fragemnts in the form of acetyla –coA - The acetyl group is oxidized into carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle; energy released is conserved in the NADH and FADH2 - This reduced coenzyme transferred electron to oxygen through ET ...
... three stage - Organic fuel molecules are oxidized to yield twocarbon fragemnts in the form of acetyla –coA - The acetyl group is oxidized into carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle; energy released is conserved in the NADH and FADH2 - This reduced coenzyme transferred electron to oxygen through ET ...
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... a polypeptide. Either a single polypeptide or many polypeptides working together make up a protein (green arrow). In prokaryotic cells, replication, transcription, and translation all occur in the cytoplasm at approximately the same time. In eukaryotic cells, where DNA is located inside the nuclea ...
... a polypeptide. Either a single polypeptide or many polypeptides working together make up a protein (green arrow). In prokaryotic cells, replication, transcription, and translation all occur in the cytoplasm at approximately the same time. In eukaryotic cells, where DNA is located inside the nuclea ...
CHAPTER 6
... the forearm muscle of a human subjected to 19 minutes of exercise. Note that the three P atoms of ATP (a ,b, and g) have different chemical shifts, reflecting their different chemical ...
... the forearm muscle of a human subjected to 19 minutes of exercise. Note that the three P atoms of ATP (a ,b, and g) have different chemical shifts, reflecting their different chemical ...
Protein For Athletes
... to create all of them, so it’s necessary for athletes to eat foods that contain the others. The 11 amino acids produced by the body are “nonessential” because they don’t have to be consumed from outside sources. Nine “essential” amino acids must be supplied by the diet. The body cannot store these a ...
... to create all of them, so it’s necessary for athletes to eat foods that contain the others. The 11 amino acids produced by the body are “nonessential” because they don’t have to be consumed from outside sources. Nine “essential” amino acids must be supplied by the diet. The body cannot store these a ...
25 WORDS: ALANINE Alanine, C3H7NO2, is one of the 20 amino
... proteins. It can be manufactured in the body from pyruvate and branched chain amino acids such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Alanine is a non-essential amino acid and is used by the body to build protein and was first isolated in 1879. It has also demonstrated a cholesterol-reducing effect in ...
... proteins. It can be manufactured in the body from pyruvate and branched chain amino acids such as valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Alanine is a non-essential amino acid and is used by the body to build protein and was first isolated in 1879. It has also demonstrated a cholesterol-reducing effect in ...
lecture3
... Heterotropci enzymes are stimulated or inhibited by an effector or modulator molecule other than their substrates, e.g. threonine deaminase the substrate is threamine and the modulator is iso-leucine. When the modulator promotes the binding of substrate to the allosteric enzyme, the modulator is sai ...
... Heterotropci enzymes are stimulated or inhibited by an effector or modulator molecule other than their substrates, e.g. threonine deaminase the substrate is threamine and the modulator is iso-leucine. When the modulator promotes the binding of substrate to the allosteric enzyme, the modulator is sai ...
Gene therapy
... Gene – a section of DNA on a chromosome that contains the genetic code of a protein Nitrogenous base – an important component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), composed of one of two nitrogen-containing rings; forms the critical hydrogen bonds between opposing strands of a double helix Base pair – two ...
... Gene – a section of DNA on a chromosome that contains the genetic code of a protein Nitrogenous base – an important component of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), composed of one of two nitrogen-containing rings; forms the critical hydrogen bonds between opposing strands of a double helix Base pair – two ...
Mechanisms of catalysis
... the :O of the H2O on the carbonyl C of the peptide bond, forming a tetrahedral intermediate which then breaks down as the amine "half" of the original peptide leaves • Reaction is exteremly slow partial double bond character of peptide bond makes its carbonyl carbon much less reactive than carbony ...
... the :O of the H2O on the carbonyl C of the peptide bond, forming a tetrahedral intermediate which then breaks down as the amine "half" of the original peptide leaves • Reaction is exteremly slow partial double bond character of peptide bond makes its carbonyl carbon much less reactive than carbony ...
分子生物學小考(一) 範圍ch3~ch7
... 4. In prokaryotes, environmental sensing frequently involves regulatory proteins (two-component system) that sense and respond to changes in surroundings. These two-component systems may involve which of the following? I. Protein phosphorylation (A) I only ...
... 4. In prokaryotes, environmental sensing frequently involves regulatory proteins (two-component system) that sense and respond to changes in surroundings. These two-component systems may involve which of the following? I. Protein phosphorylation (A) I only ...
The trimethoprim-resistant dihydrofolate reductase associated with
... Restriction enzyme analysis. DNA was isolated and cleaved with restriction enzymes as previously described (7) . The restriction nucleases BamHl, EcoRl, Sau3A and Haelll were kindly donated by T. Igo-Kemenes. Alul, Pstl, Hhal, Hinfl, Sau96l, and TagI were gifts of R.E. Streeck. Hinfl was prepared by ...
... Restriction enzyme analysis. DNA was isolated and cleaved with restriction enzymes as previously described (7) . The restriction nucleases BamHl, EcoRl, Sau3A and Haelll were kindly donated by T. Igo-Kemenes. Alul, Pstl, Hhal, Hinfl, Sau96l, and TagI were gifts of R.E. Streeck. Hinfl was prepared by ...
Student Questions and Answers October 15, 2002
... according to induced fit hypothesis some strain is placed on the substrate intrinsic binding energy complementarity to and thus stabilisation of the transition state protein mobility entropy effects reaction pathway may be different from that in solution ’ individual substeps each with relatively lo ...
... according to induced fit hypothesis some strain is placed on the substrate intrinsic binding energy complementarity to and thus stabilisation of the transition state protein mobility entropy effects reaction pathway may be different from that in solution ’ individual substeps each with relatively lo ...
Life on Mars
... What do you need to do? 1. Open the Word file named “DNA Sequence Samples”. 2. Copy the DNA sequence “Sample 4”. 3. Maximise the internet browser and go the following website:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi Choose the program called Nucleotide Blast, about half way down the page. 4. Pas ...
... What do you need to do? 1. Open the Word file named “DNA Sequence Samples”. 2. Copy the DNA sequence “Sample 4”. 3. Maximise the internet browser and go the following website:http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/blast/Blast.cgi Choose the program called Nucleotide Blast, about half way down the page. 4. Pas ...
Production of L-4-phenyl-2-aminobutanoic acid by transamination
... As a byproduct of the reaction, a second Z-keto acid A mon structural component, the molecule L-4-phenyl-2 is produced along with the desired L-amino acid B. By aminobutanoic acid. This molecule is an “unnatural” L-amino acid, with a structure analogous to the 20 natu 25 selecting 4-phenyl-2-oxobuta ...
... As a byproduct of the reaction, a second Z-keto acid A mon structural component, the molecule L-4-phenyl-2 is produced along with the desired L-amino acid B. By aminobutanoic acid. This molecule is an “unnatural” L-amino acid, with a structure analogous to the 20 natu 25 selecting 4-phenyl-2-oxobuta ...
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis (also called biogenesis or anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms. In biosynthesis, simple compounds are modified, converted into other compounds, or joined together to form macromolecules. This process often consists of metabolic pathways. Some of these biosynthetic pathways are located within a single cellular organelle, while others involve enzymes that are located within multiple cellular organelles. Examples of these biosynthetic pathways include the production of lipid membrane components and nucleotides.The prerequisite elements for biosynthesis include: precursor compounds, chemical energy (e.g. ATP), and catalytic enzymes which may require coenzymes (e.g.NADH, NADPH). These elements create monomers, the building blocks for macromolecules. Some important biological macromolecules include: proteins, which are composed of amino acid monomers joined via peptide bonds, and DNA molecules, which are composed of nucleotides joined via phosphodiester bonds.