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CH 5 CQ
CH 5 CQ

... c) Cellulose has beta-glycosidic linkages; starch-digesting enzymes cleave only alpha-glycosidic linkages. d) Cellulose has beta-galactoside linkages that only bacterial beta-galactosidases can cleave. e) Cellulose fibers are covalently cross-linked; starch-digesting enzymes cannot cleave these cros ...
Chapter 2 bio
Chapter 2 bio

... four main organic molecules. They fill numerous roles in living things, such as the storage and transport of energy (starch, glycogen) and structural components (cellulose in plants, chitin in animals). Most carbohydrates taste sweet, and the carbohydrates include the substances known as sugars. ...
Curriculum for Excellence Higher Chemistry Unit 2 Nature`s Che
Curriculum for Excellence Higher Chemistry Unit 2 Nature`s Che

...  UV radiation causes harmful free radicals, which react with proteins in our skin to form wrinkles.  Free radicals are single atoms or groups of atoms with unpaired electrons, and are very reactive.  The formation of free radicals initiates chain reactions.  The three stages of a free radical ch ...
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration and Fermentation

Chapter 8 Learning Targets(141- 150)
Chapter 8 Learning Targets(141- 150)

... a. I can write the summary equation for cellular respiration. b. I can define oxidation and reduction, and identify what is oxidized and what is reduced in cellular respiration. c. I can describe the role of NAD+ in cellular respiration. d. I can name the three stages of cellular respiration and sta ...
Ch. 5 "The Structure and Function of Macromolecules
Ch. 5 "The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

... Carbohydrates: Fuel and Building Material A. Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as fuel and carbon sources. B. Polysaccharides, the polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles. ...
Chemistry AB - cloudfront.net
Chemistry AB - cloudfront.net

... • Heat of fusion • Specific heat • Protein denaturation • Protein structure March Race to the Future • Energy scenario • Sources of energy • CO2 emissions • Greenhouse effect/global warming • CO2 sequestration • Hydrogen economy • Energy carriers • Fuels, caloric value, flammability limits • Hydroge ...
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The USAID Moldova Accounting Reform Project (MARP) is

... of carbon atom and conformation of carbon atoms’ chain. Alkanes – Saturated Hydrocarbons. Nomenclature of Alkanes. Reactions of Alkanes: Oxidation, Halogenations., Conformation of open chains (ethane, n-butane). Isomers of Alkanes. Types of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons . Nomenclature of .Alkenes and Alk ...
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Mathematics Semester 1 Study Guide

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... Nucleotide – Nucleotides are small, organic molecules made up of a pentose sugar (ribose or deoxyribose), a phosphate group and one nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine or uracil). Nucleotides are used as the "building blocks" of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). They are also used to fo ...
2106lecture 11a powerpoint
2106lecture 11a powerpoint

... Vital to this process is the presence of coenzymes which act as hydrogen acceptors until the process of oxidative phosphorylation results in the formation of ATP Ultimately hydrogen combines with O2 to form water and the coenzymes are freed to accept more hydrogen so as to continue the process ...
FREE Sample Here - Find the cheapest test bank for your
FREE Sample Here - Find the cheapest test bank for your

... breaking covalent bonds). Examples include phosphorylation, carboxylation, glycosylation, or proenzyme activation by breaking a peptide bond. Mechanism 2: Allosteric regulation – here we also are not changing the abundance of the protein (in this case an enzyme), but we are inhibiting or stimulating ...
Final Respiration
Final Respiration

... A transport protein built into the membrane facilitates the movement of pyruvate into the mitochondrion ...
cellrespdiagrams
cellrespdiagrams

... A transport protein built into the membrane facilitates the movement of pyruvate into the mitochondrion ...
Final Respiration
Final Respiration

... A transport protein built into the membrane facilitates the movement of pyruvate into the mitochondrion ...
Biomolecule 20 Questions
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... 20) How are genes used by cells to build proteins? A) DNA is transcribed into an amino acid sequence. B) The genes in RNA direct the synthesis of proteins directly. C) The genes in RNA direct the synthesis of a DNA molecule, which is used to build a protein. D) The genes in DNA direct the synthesis ...
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Fate of pyruvate

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Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

... stored as H+ gradient across a membrane drives cellular work  H+ ions pumped out by ETC ...
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Energy, enzymes and metabolism

... within a cell • Organized into distinct pathways • Pathway - a series of sequential reactions, each catalyzed by a different enzyme, that consists of one or more intermediates and an end-product • Pathways interconnect by sharing a substrate, endproduct or intermediate (e.g. E. coli pathways) • Cata ...
Chapter 4 Cellular Respiration
Chapter 4 Cellular Respiration

...  NADH and FADH2 from Krebs Cycle are pumped by electron energy across the inner membrane (cristae) and creates a concentration difference. ...
biomolecules
biomolecules

... heteropolymer and not a homopolymer. A homopolymer has only one type of monomer repeating ‘n’ number of times. This information about the amino acid content is important as later in your nutrition lessons, you will learn that certain amino acids are essential for our health and they have to be suppl ...
Review Sheet
Review Sheet

... ΔG˚' = -2.303RTlog10(K'eq) ΔG = ΔG˚' + 2.303RTlog10([B]/[A]) differ in terms of the information you get out of them? What are two cellular "strategies" that would allow a reaction with a positive ΔG˚' to take place inside a cell? 33. Is the reaction ADP + Pi => ATP + H2O spontaneous under normal cel ...
Ch. 5 Pppt
Ch. 5 Pppt

... of organic compounds and hydrolysis in the digestion of organic compounds. How to recognize the 4 biologically important organic compounds (carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids) by their structural formulas. The cellular functions of all four organic compounds. The 4 structural levels of proteins ...
Chapter 5
Chapter 5

... stomach is very low, about 1 to 2. However as food passes from the stomach into the upper portion of the small intestine chemicals are added that rapidly raise the pH to about 6, and then, over time, to about 7 or 8. Thus pepsin, with an optimum pH of 2 to 3, is active in breaking down large protein ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE

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Metabolism



Metabolism (from Greek: μεταβολή metabolē, ""change"") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of living organisms. These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. The word metabolism can also refer to all chemical reactions that occur in living organisms, including digestion and the transport of substances into and between different cells, in which case the set of reactions within the cells is called intermediary metabolism or intermediate metabolism.Metabolism is usually divided into two categories: catabolism, the breaking down of organic matter by way of cellular respiration, and anabolism, the building up of components of cells such as proteins and nucleic acids. Usually, breaking down releases energy and building up consumes energy.The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, by a sequence of enzymes. Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy that will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. Enzymes act as catalysts that allow the reactions to proceed more rapidly. Enzymes also allow the regulation of metabolic pathways in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells.The metabolic system of a particular organism determines which substances it will find nutritious and which poisonous. For example, some prokaryotes use hydrogen sulfide as a nutrient, yet this gas is poisonous to animals. The speed of metabolism, the metabolic rate, influences how much food an organism will require, and also affects how it is able to obtain that food.A striking feature of metabolism is the similarity of the basic metabolic pathways and components between even vastly different species. For example, the set of carboxylic acids that are best known as the intermediates in the citric acid cycle are present in all known organisms, being found in species as diverse as the unicellular bacterium Escherichia coli and huge multicellular organisms like elephants. These striking similarities in metabolic pathways are likely due to their early appearance in evolutionary history, and their retention because of their efficacy.
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